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pharma > (2) > Flashcards

(2) Flashcards

1
Q

Involves the movement of a drug to the body’s tissues

A

Distribution

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2
Q

Factors that affect drug distribution:

A

• Drug’s lipid solubility and ionization
• Perfusion of the reactive tissue

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3
Q

Most drugs are bound to some extent to proteins in the blood to be carried to the circulation

A

Protein binding

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4
Q

Is a protective system of cellular activity that keeps many things away from the CNS.

A

Blood brain barrier

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5
Q

Many drugs pass through the placenta and affect the developing fetus in pregnant women.

A

Placenta and breast milk

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6
Q

The process by which drugs are changed
into new, less active chemicals.

A

Metabolism (Biotransformation)

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7
Q

Drugs that are taken orally are usually absorbed from the small
intestine directly into the portal venous system.

A

First pass effect

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8
Q

It deliver these absorbed molecules into the liver, which immediately
transforms most of the chemicals delivered to it by a series of liver
enzymes.

A

Portal veins

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9
Q

Is the removal of a drug from the body.

A

Excretion

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10
Q

Routes of Excretion

A

Skin, Saliva, Bile, Lungs, Feces

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11
Q

is the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one half of the peak level it previously achieved.

A

Half life

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12
Q

FACTORS INFLUENCING DRUG
EFFECTS

A
  1. Gender
  2. age
  3. weight
  4. physiological factors
  5. Pathological factors
  6. Psychological factors
  7. Environmental Factors
  8. Genetic Factors
  9. Immunological Factors
  10. Tolerance
  11. Cumulation
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13
Q

If a drug is taken in successive doses at
intervals that are shorter than
recommended, or if the body is unable to
eliminate a drug properly, the drug can
accumulate in the body, leading to toxic
levels and adverse effects.

A

Cumulation

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14
Q

arise because of increased
biotransformation of the drug, increased resistance
to its effects, or other pharmacokinetic factors

A

Tolerance

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15
Q

A drug is more likely to be effective if the patient
thinks it will work than if the patient believes it
will not work.

A

Placebo effect

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16
Q

When two or more drugs or substances are taken together, there is a possibility that an interaction can occur,
causing unanticipated effects in the body.

A

Interactions

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17
Q

Types of interaction

A
  1. Drug to drug or drug to alternative
    theraphy interaction
  2. Drug to laboratory test interaction
  3. Drug to food interaction
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18
Q

administration of a particular drug may alter results of tests that are done on various chemical levels or reactions as part of a diagnostic study.

A

Drug to laboratory test interaction

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19
Q

Some foods increase acid production, speeding the breakdown of the drug molecule and preventing absorption and distribution o f the drug.
• Some foods chemically react with certain drugs and prevent their absorption into the body.

A

Drug to food interaction

20
Q

All drugs are potentially dangerous. Even though chemicals
are carefully screened and tested in animals and in people
before they are approved for sale, drug products often cause
unexpected or unacceptable reactions when they are
administered

A

Toxic effects of drug

21
Q

Are undesired effects that may be unpleasant or even dangerous

A

Adverse effects

22
Q

3 levels of adverse effect (literary review)

A
  1. Primary action
  2. Secondary action
  3. Hypersensitivity
23
Q

This type of adverse effect can be
avoided by monitoring the patient
carefully and adjusting the prescribed
dose to fit that particular patient’s
needs.

A

Primary action

24
Q

Effects of the drug in addition to the
desired pharmacological effect

A

Secondary action

25
Q

Excessively responsive to either the
primary or the secondary effects of a
drug. It may result from pathological
or underlying condition.

A

Hypersensitivity

26
Q

Occurs when the body forms antibodies to a particular drug,
causing an immune response when the person is reexposed to
the drug.

A

Drug allergy

27
Q

Four classification of drug allergy

A
  1. Anaphylactic Reaction
  2. Cytotoxic Reaction
  3. Serum Sickness Reaction
  4. Delayed Reaction
28
Q

This allergy involves an
antibody that reacts with
specific sites in the body
to cause the release of
chemicals, including
histamine, that produce
immediate reactions
(mucous membrane
swelling and constricting
bronchi) that can lead
to respiratory distress and
even respiratory arrest.

A

Anaphylactic Reaction

29
Q

This allergy involves
antibodies that
circulate in the blood
and attack antigens
(the drug) on cell
sites, causing death of
that cell. This reaction
is not immediate but
may be seen over a
few days

A

Cytotoxic Reaction

30
Q

This allergy involves
antibodies that
circulate in the blood
and attack antigens
(the drug) on cell
sites, causing death of
that cell. This reaction
is not immediate but
may be seen over a
few days

A

Cytotoxic reaction

31
Q

This allergy involves
antibodies that
circulate in the blood
and cause damage
to various tissues by
depositing in blood
vessels. This reaction
may occur up to 1 wk
or more after
exposure to the drug.

A

Serum sickness Reaction

32
Q

This reaction
occurs several
hours after
exposure and
involves
antibodies that
are bound to
specific white
blood cells.

A

Delayed Allergic Reaction

33
Q

Inflammation of the mucous membranes, can occur because of a direct toxic reaction to the drug or
because the drug deposits in the end capillaries in the mucous membranes, leading to inflammation.

A

Stomatitis

34
Q

Infections caused by organisms that are usually controlled by the normal flora

A

Superinfection

35
Q

Bone marrow suppression caused by drug effects. This occurs
when drugs that can cause cell death are used.

A

Blood Dyscrasia

36
Q

drugs that can cause cell death

A

( antineoplastics ,
antibiotics)

37
Q

Potentially serious reactions to a drug

A

Toxicity

38
Q

Occurs when an overdoese a drug damages multiple body systems, leading to
the potential for fatal reactions.

A

Poisoning

39
Q

Low serum glucose concentration

A

Hypoglycemia

40
Q

High serum glucose levels

A

Hyperglycemia

41
Q

Low serum potassium levels

A

Hypokalemia

42
Q

A sensory effect that Damage to the tiny blood vessels of the retina

A

Occular damage

43
Q

General Central Nervous System Effects

A

Neurologic effects

44
Q

Affects dopamine levels in the brain

A

Parkinson like syndrome

45
Q

-A generalized syndrome that includes high fever

A

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

46
Q

Drugs that affect the developing fetus or
embryo which may cause death or congenital
defects

A

Teratogenicity

pharma (6 decks)

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