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year 2 > 1st year buzzwords > Flashcards

1st year buzzwords Flashcards

1
Q

Ig found in mucosa

A

IgA

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2
Q

what produces endotoxin

A

gram negative

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3
Q

what produces exotoxin

A

gram positive

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4
Q

Ig found in breast milk

A

IgA

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5
Q

Ig assoc. hypersensitivity

A

IgE

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6
Q

what receptors does IgE bind to

A

Fc receptors

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7
Q

most common time of Ig

A

IgG

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8
Q

first antibody to appear in response to an antigen

A

IgM

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9
Q

trachea palpated

A

suprasternal notch/jugular notch

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10
Q

nerve that supplies the rectum

A

S4/inferior rectal nerve (S2 3 4 pudendal)

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11
Q

nerve that supplies the diaphragm

A

C3 4 5/phrenic nerve

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12
Q

what is the inheritance of CF

A

AR

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13
Q

bone has no other articulations

A

hyoid

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14
Q

2,3-DPG does what

A

acid that helps bind O2. reduced amounts of it results in more dissociation

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15
Q

cranial nerves sensory motor or both

A 
Some
Say
Money
Matters
But
My
Brother
Says
Big 
Boobs
Matter 
More
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16
Q

jugular foramina

A 
Carlos
Only
Smokes
Spliff
Since
Rastaman
Offered
Skunk
In
Indigenous
Jamaica
Jamaican
Joint
Heaven
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17
Q

parasympathetic cranial nerves

A

III
VII
IX
X

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18
Q

sympathetic outflow

A

T1 - L2

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19
Q

stony dull to percuss

A

pleural effusion

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20
Q

right sided pleuritic chest pain

A

most likely pneumonia

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21
Q 
alveolar bats wings
kerley B lines
cardiomegaly
dilated prominent upper lobe vessels
pleural effusion
A

pulmonary oedema

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22
Q

ground glass appearance on Xray

A

pulmonary fibrosis and respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

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23
Q

Ziehl neelsen stain positive for acid fast bacilli

A

TB

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24
Q

caseous necrosis

A

TB

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25
Q

apical disease

A

most likely secondary TB

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26
Q

apical lesion in TB is called an

A

Assman focus

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27
Q

Miliary TB

A

spread of organism into blood stream

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28
Q

if TB spreads via pulmonary artery miliary disemination into the…

A

lung occurs

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29
Q

if TB spreads via pulmonary vein….

A

systemic dissemination to liver spleen and kidneys

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30
Q

positive anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies

A

Goodpastures syndrome

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31
Q

chest infection with parrot/pigeon as a pet

A

chlamydophila psittaci

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32
Q

dry cough and diarrhoea after holiday abroad/water spread

A

legionella pneumophila (test urine for antigens)

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33
Q

tall thin young man who indulges in marijuana

A

pneumothorax (marfans)

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34
Q 
bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
erythema nodosum
granulomas 
fatigue
uveitis
weight loss
A

sarcoidosis

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35
Q

bronchiole wider than neighbouring arteriole on CT (signet ring sign)

A

bronchiectasis

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36
Q

D sign on x ray

A

empyema

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37
Q

steeple sign on X ray

A

laryngotracheobronchitis/croup

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38
Q

child with a barking cough

A

croup

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39
Q

pneumocystis pneumonia

A

HIV

tx: co-trimoxazole

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40
Q

Samter’s triad

A

Asthma + nasal polyps + salicylate sensitivity

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41
Q

Alcoholic (danger of aspiration pneumonia)

A

klebsiella pneumonia

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42
Q

red jelly sputum

A

klebsiella pneumonia

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43
Q

mucoid sputum

A

chlamydia psitttaci

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44
Q

rusty sputum

A

pneumococcal pneumonia

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45
Q

cannon ball mets
weight loss
haematuria

A

from primary renal cell carcinoma

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46
Q

morning headache

A

hypercapnia or side effect or organic nitrate

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47
Q

ACTH secreting lung tumour

A

small cell carcinoma of the lung

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48
Q

PTH secreting tumour of the lung

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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49
Q

increased serum ACE and Ca2+

A

Sarcoid

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50
Q

eggshell calcification at hilar region

A

silicosis

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51
Q

heart failure cells seen in alveolar spaces

A

macrophages that have absorbed haemosiderin - found in chronic pulmonary oedema and associated severe left ventricular heart failure.
also seen in long standing pulmonary hypertension

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52
Q

ghon focus

A

TB

area of infection and caseous necrosis at periphery of lung beneath the pleura

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53
Q

ghon focus rupture

A

tuberculous pleurisy

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54
Q

coin lesion on chest radiograph

A

rounded solitary lesion - primary bronchial or lung carcinoma, metastatic tumour (esp. of kidney), bronchial hamartoma, carcinoid tumour, granulomatous inflammation, lung abscess

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55
Q

ptosis
enopthalmos
miosis
anhydrosis

A

horners syndrome

- invasion of cervical sympathetic chain

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56
Q

horners syndrome

A

pancoast tumour

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57
Q

acute management of asthma

A 
OSHITMAN
Oxygen
Salbutamol
Hydrocortisone
Ipratropium
Theophylline
Magnesium
Anaesthetist
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58
Q

thumbprint sign on head xray

A

epiglottitis

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59
Q

inspiratory whoop / barking cough

A

pertusis

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60
Q

snow storm appearance on xray

A

baritosis/silicosis

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61
Q

infective exac of COPD

A 
iSOAP
ipratropium
salbutamol
oxygen
amoxicillin
prednisolone
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62
Q

non smoker and lung cancer

A

peripheral adenocarcinoma

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63
Q

squamous and small cell lung cancers

A

central

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64
Q

high d dimer

A

suspect PE

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65
Q

suspect PE

A

CTPA or V/Q scan

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66
Q

low d dimers

A

exclude PE

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67
Q

large PE

A

thrombolysis

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68
Q

small PE

A

LMWH

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69
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

panic attack

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70
Q

frank pus on aspiration

A

empyema

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71
Q

obstructive lung disease and raised eosinophils

A

asthma

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72
Q

obstructive lung disease and raised neutrophils

A

COPD

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73
Q

Pickwickian disease a.k.a. obesity hypoventilation syndrome

A

obese people whose body fat is preventing air getting in - sleep apnoea and hypercapnia - OVERNIGHT NASAL VENTILATION

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74
Q

guillian barre disease causes

A

paralysis

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75
Q

guillian barre is normally preceded by

A

normally preceded by strep infection of resp or GI tract

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76
Q

gullian barre paralysis begins where and moves where

A

begins in feeet and ascends to other muscles

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77
Q

what causes guillian barre

A

antibodies bind to peripheral nerve glycoprotein

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78
Q

coal workers pneumoconiosis - 2 types

A

simple coal workers pneumoconiosis and progressive massive fibrosis - later form

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79
Q

coal workers pneumoconiosis problems found

A

apex of the lung

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80
Q

adult respiratory distress syndrome

A

occurs when non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema leads to acute resp failure

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81
Q

adult respiratory distress syndrome CXR

A

bilateral alveolar shadowing

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82
Q

pulmonary oedema CXR

A

bats wings - perihilar shadowing
upper lobe venous diversion
fluid in horizontal fissure
Kerley B lines

83
Q

TLCO

A

how well oxygen can diffuse into blood

84
Q

asthma and COPD do what to TLCO

A

preserved

85
Q

TLCO in anaemia, emphysema, interstitial lung disease, pneumonia, pulmonary oedema, pulmonary emboli, bronchiectasis do what to TLCO

A

decreased

86
Q

polycythaemia does what to TLCO

A

increased

87
Q

asbestosis

A

problem in base of lung

88
Q

22 yo woman weight loss sputum night sweats tender well defined nodules on shins bilaterally

A

erythema nodosum

89
Q

extrinsic allergic alveolitis

A

granulomatous inflammation of the lungs

90
Q

extrinsic allergic alveolitis acute causes

A

pneumonitis

91
Q

extrinsic allergic alveolitis chronic causes

A

fibrosis and emphysema

92
Q

extrinsic allergic alveolitis tx

A

steroids and antigen avoidance

93
Q

extrinsic allergic alveolitis CXR

A

bilateral reticulonodular shadows

94
Q

extrinsic allergic alveolitis “farmers lung”

A

major antigen is saccharopolyspora rectivirgula

lymphocytes

95
Q

extrinsic allergic alveolitis “bird fanciers lung”

A

avian proteins - pigeons, parrots

96
Q

exudate

A

protein > 30

97
Q

transudate

A

protein < 30

98
Q

most common lung type in smokers

A

squamous cell

99
Q

squamous cell carcinoma of lung secretes

A

PTH causing hypercalcaemia

100
Q

smoker
cavitating
hilar tumours

A

squamous cell carcinoma of lung

101
Q

large cell tumour of lung

A

poorly differentiated

sex hormone releasing - gynaecomastia

102
Q

lung cancer in non smokers

A

adenocarcinoma

103
Q

adenocarcinoma mucus stains

A

blue

104
Q

adenocarcinoma of lung causes

A

hypertrophic pulmonary oesteoarthropathy - finger clubbing, periosteal inflammation (like ankle pain)

105
Q

worst prognosis of lung cancers

A

small cell

106
Q

lung cancer that is chemo sensitive

A

small cell

107
Q

small cell lung cancer secretes

A

ADH causing SIADH

or ACTH causing cushings

108
Q

pancoast tumour

A

apex of lung

109
Q

brachial plexus lesions cause

A

finger tingling

arm pain

110
Q

asthma is an

A

obstructive airway disease

111
Q

COPD is an

A

obstructive airway disease

112
Q

spirometry in asthma

A

FVC normal
FEV1 reduced
FEV1/FVC ratio reduced

113
Q

COPD spirometry

A

FVC reduced
FEV1 reduced
FEV1/FVC normal

114
Q

restrictive airway disease spirometry

A

FVC reduced
FEV1 reduced
FEV1/FVC ratio normal

115
Q

normal

reduced

A

> 75%

< 75%

116
Q

respiratory failure type 1

A

low oxygen levels

117
Q

respiratory failure type 2

A

low oxygen levels and high carbon dioxide levels e.g. COPD

118
Q

TB drugs

A

2 RIPE 4 RI

119
Q 
middle ages asian
weight loss
night sweats 
productive cough
CXR multiple small discrete nodules throughout both lung fields
A

TB

120
Q

TB drug that causes red orange discolouration of urine and tears
rashes
hepatotoxicity

A

rifampicin

121
Q

TB drug that causes tingling / paraesthesia of the extremities

A

isoniazide

122
Q

TB drug that causes joint pain, rash, allergic reaction, yellow skin or eyes, worsening gout

A

Pyrazinamide

123
Q

TB drug that causes change in vision, optic neuritis, red green colour blindness

A

ethambutol

124
Q

TB is what HSR

A

type 4

125
Q

TB is a __ cell response to _____

A

T cell response to mycobacterial infection
m. tuberculosis
m. bovis
M. africanum

126
Q

primary TB

A

small focus - Ghon focus, large hilar granulomatous nodes

127
Q

secondary TB

A

fibrosing cavitating apical lesion - immunosuppression

128
Q

head ache

mucoid sputum

A

chlamydophilia psittaci (birds)

129
Q

coxiella burnetti

A

sheep/farm/Q fever

130
Q

urine antigen test
GI upset
water foreign holiday

A

legionella

131
Q

dry cough/young people pneumonia

A

mycoplasma

132
Q

pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

A

HIV AIDS immunosuppressed

133
Q

rusty sputum

A

strep pneumonia - usually lobar pneumonia

134
Q

CF patients pneumonia

A

staph aureus

pseudomonas aeruginosa

135
Q

COPD/alcoholics/elderly

A

H. influenza

Klebsiella (red jelly sputum)

136
Q

bordetella pertusis

A

whooping cough/bronchopneumonia

137
Q

pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

CF, UTI, GI, Burns, Scars - gram negative bacillus

138
Q

causes of pulmonary fibrosis

A

BREAST CA
bleomycin, radiation, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, ank spond, sarcoidosis, TB, crytogenic fibrosing alveolitis (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) asbestosis

139
Q

causes or erythema nodosum

A 
NODOSUM backwards
Mycobacterium (TB)
UC/Crohns
Sarcoidosis
Other infections (strep, mycoplasma, EBV)
Drugs (sulphonamides, OCP)
Occult malignancy
No cause/Nurturing (pregnant)
140
Q

fever and pleuritic chest pain relieved on sitting up and leaning forward

A

pericarditis

141
Q

irregularly irregular pulse

A

AF

142
Q

ECG saw tooth baseline + 150 bpm

A

atrial flutter

143
Q

raised JVP/hepatojugular reflex

A

right sided heart failure

144
Q

sense of impending doom

A

MI

145
Q

saddle shaped ST elevation

A

pericarditis

146
Q

broad complex tachycardia

A

ventricular problem

147
Q

mid-diastolic murmur with a tapping undisplaced apex

A

mitral stenosis

148
Q

broad QRS with slurred upstroke on R wave (delta wave)

A

wolff-parkinson white syndrome

149
Q

tall tented T waves

wide QRS

A

hyperkalaemia

150
Q

pericarditis 4-6 weeks post MI

A

dresslers syndrome

151
Q

blurred yellow vision headache

A

digoxin toxicity

152
Q

janeway lesions/osler nodes

A

subacute bacterial endocarditis

153
Q

continuous machine like murmur

A

patent ductus arteriosus

154
Q

rib notching on CXR

A

coarctation of aorta

155
Q

crescendo decrescendo murmur

A

aortic stenosis

156
Q

diminished absent lower limb pulses

A

coarctation of aorta

157
Q

MRS ASS

A

mitral regurgitation systolic

aortic stenosis systolic

158
Q

ACEI side effect and CI

A

dry cough

bilateral renal artery stenosis

159
Q

radial radial delay

A

aortic dissection

coarctation of aorta

160
Q

collapsing pulse

A

aortic regurgitation

161
Q

slow rising pulse

A

aortic stenosis

162
Q

spinter haemorrhages

A

infective endocarditis

163
Q

endocarditis cause with prosthetic valves or IV drug users

A

staph aureus

164
Q

present in mouth after dental surgery

A

strep viridans

165
Q

what is an atrial myxoma

A

non cancerous tumour in the upper left or right side of heart - most often grows on wall that separates 2 sides of heart

166
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

collection of blood / fluid / pus etc around the heart in the pericardial space preventing contractions

167
Q

treatment of pericarditis

A

pain relief - NSAIDs

168
Q

tetralogy of fallot

A

large ventricular septal defect
overriding aorta
right ventricular outflow obstruction (pulmonary stenosis)
right ventricular hypertrophy

169
Q

wide pulse pressure

A 
aortic regurgitation
aortic dissection
complete heart block
thyrotoxicosis
persistent doctor arterioles
170
Q

acute limb ischaemia 6 Ps

A 
pale
pulseless
painful
paralysed
paraesthetic
perishingly cold
171
Q

tx of shock

A 
ABCDE
oxygen
fluids
inotropes - cardiogenic
chest drain - obstructive
vasopressors - septic
adrenaline - anaphylaxis
172
Q

gingival hypertrophy/gingivectomy/biting own gums

A

side effect of calcium channel blockers or phenytoin

173
Q

bird beak appearance and distended oesophagus

A

achalasia

or if in lower GI imaging - bowel obstruction

174
Q

grey turners sign

cullens sign

A

grey turners - lumbar redness
cullens sign - umbilical redness
acute pancreatitis

175
Q

murphy sign positive

A

cholecystitis

176
Q

pale stools
jaundice
abdo pain

A

biliary obstruction

177
Q

abdo distension
caput medusae
shifting dullness

A

portal hypertension + ascites

178
Q

pyoderma gangrenosum/erythema nodosum

A

crohn’s/UC

179
Q

tinkling bowel sounds

A

bowel obstruction

180
Q

vesicular rash + weight loss

A

coeliac disease

181
Q

virchows node

A

left supraclavicular node

gastric cancer

182
Q

urea breath test

A

h. pylori

183
Q

14C breath test

A

bacterial overgrowth

184
Q

rice water like stools

A

vibrio cholera

185
Q

primary biliary cirrhosis

A

AMA (anti-mitochondrial antibodies)

186
Q

autoimmune hepatitis

A

ASMA (anti smooth muscle antibodies)

187
Q

alpha feto protein assay

A

hepatocellular carcinoma or teratoma

188
Q

cobble stone mucosa

A

deep fisuring ulceration of mucosa - crohns disease

189
Q

tx for ascites

A

spironolactone

190
Q

corkscrew oesophagus on barium swallow

A

diffuse oesophageal spasm

191
Q

severe abdo pain and D+V after raw milk

A

campylobacter

192
Q

russels sign

A

self induced vomiting

193
Q

mallory’s hyaline bodies

A

alcoholic liver disease (acute hepatitis) / chronic active hepatits

194
Q

crypt abscess/crypitits

A

crohns

195
Q

onion skinning fibrosis

beading of bile ducts

A

primary sclerosing cholangitis

196
Q

signet ring cells seen on biopsy

A

linitis plastica - diffuse stomach cancer

197
Q

thumb printing on Xray commonly at splenic flexure

A

ischaemic colitis

198
Q

charcots triad

A

acute cholangitis - fever, jaundice and abdopain secondary to cholelithiasis

199
Q

mouth disease in crohns

A

stomatitis gangrenosum

200
Q

replacement of oesophageal stratified squamous epithelium by simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells

A

barretts oesophagus/pre cancer

201
Q

dukes classification

A

A - confined to bowel wall
B - local spread outwith bowel wall
C - lymph node mets

202
Q

AST is raised in

A

alcoholic liver disease

wASTed

203
Q

is ALT or AST more specific to the liver

A

ALT

204
Q

causes of abdo distension 6 Fs

A 
fat
foetus
flatus
faeces
fluid
fucking massive tumour

year 2 (19 decks)

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