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Health 2 > 1st Test > Flashcards

1st Test Flashcards

1
Q

What is reflex action?

When does it occur?

A

A spontaneous response of the body to a stimulus
It occurs automatically without conscious thought or effort
Ex- knee jerk reflex
- touching a hot object

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2
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

1) major control center
2) communication network
3) sense network

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3
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

What is the central nervous system? What is the job of the CNS?

A

Brain & spinal chord
Command center
Interpret signals
Outputs info

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5
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nerves that extend from the CNS

Gathers info from inside & outside of your body

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6
Q

What is the PNS made up of?

A

Made up of nerves that extend from the brain & spinal cord

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7
Q

How does the nervous system work?

A

Messages are transmitted through electrical impulses or charges

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8
Q

What are neurons?

A

The basic building block of the nervous system. These are messengers & receivers of transmissions or stimuli

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9
Q

What is the structure of a neuron?

A

Cell body
Dendrites
Axon

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10
Q

What is the cell body?

A

Consists of nucleus that sends and receives and sends nerve impulses; the nucleus is contained within the cell membrane

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11
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Branching projections of the cell body; they receive and carry impulses toward the cell body

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12
Q

What are axons?

A

Each neuron has only one axon which carries impulses away from the cell body* the axon branches at its end to form terminals through which signals are sent to target cells

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13
Q

What do most axons have?

A

A coating or sheath of fatty material called myelin. The myelin sheath insulates the nerve fiber which speeds up the transmission

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14
Q

What are the types of neurons?

A

Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons

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15
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

Have specialized receptor ends that are located in the skin & other sensory organs

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16
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

Receive stimuli, such as sound or touch and send these impulses to your brain and spinal cord
*sensory to the CNS

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17
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Carry impulses from the CNS to the muscles & glands

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18
Q

What are inter neurons?

A

Neurons within the brain & spinal cord that relay impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons

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19
Q

What 2 subdivisions is the PNS broken down into?

A

Autonomic nervous system

Somatic nervous system

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20
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

A

Controlling the involuntary functions of the body such as body heat, heart rate, & digestion

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21
Q

What is the ANS divided into?

A

Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system

  • they have opposing effects on the same organs & normally balance each other out
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22
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do? What happens during these examples?

A

Responds to the body’s needs during increased activities and emergencies
*fight or flight
During the examples heart rate & breathing increases as blood flow to the muscles increases

23
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Opposes the actions of the sympathetic system by slowing down body functions

  • slows down heartbeat
  • opens blood vessels
  • lowers blood pressure
24
Q

What is the somatic nervous system? What does this involve?

A

Includes cranial and spinal nerves that transmit impulses from the CNS to skeletal movements
This involves voluntary responses which are under your control

25
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

A cylinder of nerve tissue about 18” long & about at thick as your index finger

26
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by?

A 
The vertebrae (spine)
Cerebrospinal spinal fluid which acts like a shock absorber & by 3 layers of connective membranes called the spinal meninges
27
Q

What is the brain?

A 
Receives and processes messages
Coordinates muscle movement 
Weighs about 3 lbs
Makes up 2% of body weight
   But uses 20% of oxygen inhaled 
   20% of blood pumped through heart
28
Q

What is the brain protected by?

A

The 8 cranial bones that form the skull & by 3 layers of membranes called the cranial meninges

29
Q

What cushions the brain?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid between the meninges

30
Q

What are the main divisions of the brain?

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain stem

31
Q

What is the cerebrum? Site of? Divided into?

A

Largest & most complex part of the brain
Site of most conscious and intelligent activities
Divided into 2 halves called cerebral hemispheres
Connected In cross over fashion
Right side controls the left side of the body

32
Q

Left hemisphere

A 
Language
Logic
Arithmetic calc.
Analysis
Critical thinking
33
Q

Right hemisphere

A 
Imagination
Visual thinking
Form
Artistic activities
Emotions
34
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the hemisphere

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

35
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

2nd largest part of the brain

Located beneath the occipital lobes of the cerebrum

36
Q

What are the main purposes of the cerebellum?

A

Maintaining posture & balance

Coordinating skeletal muscle movement

37
Q

What is the brain stem?

A

3” long stalk of nerves cells and fibers that connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain

38
Q

What does the brain stem control?

A

Controls breathing heartbeat & eye reflexes

* the activities of the brain stem are not under conscious control

39
Q

What does the brain stem consist of?

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

40
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A

Lowest part of the brain stem; contains vital control centers that regulate heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, digestion

41
Q

What are pons?

A

Just above the medulla.

Serves as a pathway for nerve impulses passing to & from the cerebrum

42
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

Shortest part of the brain stem
Lies above pons
Controls eye movement- the size & reactions of the pupils

43
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

2 egg shaped lobes above the midbrain

Important relay center for incoming sensory impulses

44
Q

What is the hypothalamus? Located? Controls?

A

Located behind the eyes & under the thalamus

Controls various body processes & keeps body conditions balanced (body temp, appetite)

45
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Works with the nervous system to coordinate & regulate body functions

46
Q

What do endocrine glands do?*

A

Send messages to organs and systems of the body via chemical messengers called hormones

47
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Ductless or tubeless structures that secrete hormones

48
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical substances produced by ductless glands that regulate the activities of different body cells

49
Q

What is the pituitary gland? Located?

A

Regulates & controls the activities of all other endocrine glands
Master gland
Located at midpoint of the skull, behind the eyes

50
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A 
Produces hormones that regulate:
Metabolism
Bone growth 
Body heat
Consists of 2 lobes, located one on either side of the trachea
51
Q

What are the parathyroid glands? Located?

A

Produce parathyroid hormone which regulates the body’s calcium & phosphorus balance
Smallest glands of the endocrine system
Located in the lobes of the thyroid gland

52
Q

What are adrenal glands? What do they do?

A

2 glands located on top of the kidneys
Secretes a mixture of hormones that regulate numerous body functions such as: maintaining blood pressure & the metabolism of fats, proteins & carbs

53
Q

What is the pancreas? What does it do?

A

Serves the digestive & endocrine systems

Secretes digestive enzymes & 2 hormones, glucagon & insulin- which regulates the level of blood sugar

54
Q

What are gonads?

A

These glands regulate reproduction & secondary sexual characteristics
Ovaries- produce & release ova
Testes- produce & release sperm

Health 2 (7 decks)

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