1F Flashcards
A body’s physiological reaction to any stimulus that evokes changes
stress
Universal experience that can be a catalyst for a positive change or it can be the source of discomfort and pain
stress
A stimulus that evokes the need to adapt
STRESSOR
a state when stressors evoke an ineffective response
DISTRESS
results in positive outcome
EUSTRESS
An ongoing process by which individuals adjust to stressors in order to achieve homeostasis
ADAPTATION
Describes as a holistic response which involves all dimensions of an individual physiological, psychological, cognitive, social and spiritual
ADAPTATION
Transmission of evaluative or corrective information on stress
FEEDBACK
It refers to how individuals respond and react to a given stressful situation or event
FEEDBACK
An unconscious operations that protect the mind from anxiety
DEFENSE MECHANISM
Body’s self-regulation of physiological process
HOMEOSTASIS
State of rest and balance
EQUILIBRIUM
SOURCES OF STRESS
INTERNAL STRESSORS
EXTERNAL STRESSORS
DEVELOPMENTAL STRESSOR
SITUATIONAL STRESSORS
source of stress that originate within an individual
INTERNAL STRESSORS
source of stress that Originate outside the individual
EXTERNAL STRESSORS
source of stress that Occurs at predictable times throughout an individual’s life
DEVELOPMENTAL STRESSOR
source of stress that are unpredictable and may occur at any time during life. It may be positive or negative
SITUATIONAL STRESSORS
EFFECTS OF STRESS
PHYSICALLY
EMOTIONALLY
INTELLECTUALLY
SOCIALLY
SPIRITUALLY
Three main models of stress
Stimulus-based models
Response-based models
Transaction-based models
Stress is defined as: stimulus, life event, or a set of circumstances that arouses physiologic and psychologic reactions that may increase the individual’s vulnerability to illness
STIMULUS-BASED MODELS
Characterized by a chain or pattern of physiologic events called the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) or stress syndrome
RESPONSE-BASED MODELS
common stressors
Physiological
Psychological
Cognitive
Environmental
Sociocultural
THREE (3) STAGES OF GAS
ALARM
RESISTANCE
EXHAUSTION
stage of GAS: When stimulus occurs, it signals to hypothalamus to release glucocorticoids (sugar) which release adrenaline and cortisol ( focuses on the production of energy ) which increases energy
ALARM
stage of GAS: The body attempts to cope with the stressor and to limit the stressor to the smallest area of the body that can deal with it
RESISTANCE
stage of GAS: In this stage, it will stimulate the parasympathetic branch wherein the parasympathetic branch will try to normalize through decreasing certain levels to attain homeostasis
RESISTANCE
stage of GAS: The body’s adaptation takes place.
RESISTANCE
stage of GAS: End of this stage, the body may either rest and return to normal, or death may be ultimate consequence
EXHAUSTION
stage of GAS: There is a depletion of energy - The difficult thing about not moving towards exhaustion stage if the stimulus is prolonged, it will have difficulty decreasing it to normality.
EXHAUSTION
The body can also react locally; that is, one organ
or a part of the body reacts alone
LOCAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME (LAS)
the physiological response to a stressor (e.g., trauma, illness) affecting a specific part of the body.
LOCAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME (LAS)
Manifestations of Stress
Physiological
psychological
Cognitive
Behavior
Spiritual
Views stressor as an individual response needed in psychological and cognitive process
TRANSACTION-BASED MODELS
CONCEPT OF STRESS ADAPTATION (theoretical methods)
BETTY NEUMAN’S SYSTEM MODEL
RESPONSE-BASED MODEL OF STRESS
ADAPTATION MODEL
STIMULUS-BASED MODEL OF STRESS
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF STRESS
A nursing theory based on the individual’s relationship to stress, the reaction to it, and reconstitution factors that are dynamic in nature
BETTY NEUMAN’S SYSTEM MODEL
Describes the system model as a unique open system based perspective that provides a unifying focus for approaching a wide range of concerns.
BETTY NEUMAN’S SYSTEM MODEL
Based on the physiologic manifestation; flight and fright, controlled by the nervous system and endocrine system
RESPONSE-BASED MODEL OF STRESS
Based on the understanding of a person; measures the preparedness or unpreparedness of a person in preventing stressors
ADAPTATION MODEL
It also sees the individual as a bio-psychosocial being in continuous interaction with a changing environment
ADAPTATION MODEL
focuses on distributing a disruptive event within the environment
STIMULUS-BASED MODEL OF STRESS
Views stressor as an individual response needed in psychological and cognitive process
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF STRESS
This primarily focuses on the concept that individuals capacity to cope and adjust the challenges and problems is a consequences of transactions or interactions that occur between the individual and the environment.
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF STRESS
FACTORS INFLUENCING RESPONSE TO STRESS
INTENSITY
SCOPE
DURATION
NUMBER & NATURE
PREDICTABILITY
INDICATORS OF STRESS
Physiologic indicators
Psychologic indicators
Cognitive indicators
Coping
Responses to stress vary depending on the individual’s perception of events. Result from activation of the sympathetic and neuroendocrine system of the body
PHYSIOLOGIC INDICATORS
manifestations of this stress include anxiety, fear, anger, depression, and unconscious ego defense mechanisms.
Psychologic indicators
level of anxiety that produces a slight arousal that enhances perception, learning, and produces abilities
MILD ANXIETY
level of anxiety where the arousal to a point where the individual expresses feelings of tension, nervousness, or concern
MODERATE ANXIETY
level of anxiety that consumes most of the individual’s energies and requires intervention
SEVERE ANXIETY
an overpowering, frightening level of anxiety causing the individual to lose control
PANIC
Foreboding or feeling of helplessness related to an impending or anticipated unidentified threat to self or significant relationships
ANXIETY
It can be experienced at the conscious, subconscious, or unconscious level.
ANXIETY
Is an emotion or feeling or apprehension aroused by impending or seeming danger, pain, or another perceived threat
FEAR
An emotional state consisting of a subjective feeling of animosity (strong hostility) or strong displeasure
ANGER
Is a common reaction to events that seem overwhelming or negative
DEPRESSION
An extreme feeling of sadness, despair, dejection, lack of worth, or emptiness
DEPRESSION
feelings of tiredness, sadness, emptiness, or numbness
Emotional symptoms
irritability, inability to concentrate, difficulty making decisions, loss of sexual desire, crying, sleep disturbance, and social withdrawal
Behavioral signs of depression
loss of appetite, weight loss, constipation, headache, and dizziness
Physical signs of depression
Unconscious psychological adaptive mechanisms or mental mechanisms that develop as the personality attempts to defend itself, establish compromises among conflicting impulses, and calm inner tensions
EGO DEFENSE MECHANISM
unconscious mind working to protect the person from anxiety
EGO DEFENSE MECHANISM
thinking responses that include problem-solving, structuring, self-control or self- discipline, suppression, and fantasy.
Cognitive indicators of stress
is the arrangement or manipulation of a situation so threatening events do not occur.
STRUCTURING
is assuming a manner and facial expression that convey a sense of being in control or in charge.
SELF-CONTROL (discipline)
Prevents panic and harmful or nonproductive actions in a threatening situation, it is a helpful response that conveys strength
SELF-CONTROL (discipline)
is consciously and willfully putting a thought or feeling out of mind: “I won’t deal with that today. I’ll do it tomorrow.”
SUPPRESSION
This response relieves stress temporarily but does not solve the problem
SUPPRESSION
is likened to make-believe. Unfulfilled wishes and desires are imagined as fulfilled, or a threatening experience is reworked or replayed so it ends differently from reality
FANTASY OR DAYDREAMING
Described as dealing with change successfully or unsuccessfully
COPING
coping strategy that can be constructive and practical. In situations: talking with others and trying to find out more about the situation
Long-term coping strategies
coping strategy that can reduce stress to a tolerable limit temporarily but are ineffective ways to permanently deal with reality.
Short-term coping strategies
type of coping strategy that refers to efforts to improve a situation by making changes or taking action
PROBLEM-FOCUSED COPING
type of coping strategy that includes thoughts and actions that relieve emotional distress.
EMOTIONAL-FOCUSED COPING
coping that helps the person deal effectively with stressful events and minimizes distress associated with them
Adaptive coping
coping that can cause unnecessary distress for the person and others associated with a person or stressful event.
Maladaptive coping
it is to measure well-being of an individual in relation to stress
Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS)
STAGES OF GRIEVING
denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance
Stage of grieving: avoidance, confusion, elation, shock, fear
Denial
Stage of grieving: frustration, irritation, anxiety
anger
Stage of grieving: struggling to find meaning, reaching out to others, telling one’s story
Bargaining
Stage of grieving: overwhelmed, helplessness, hostility, flight
Depression
Stage of grieving: exploring options, new plan in place, moving on.
acceptance
STRESS MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
Regular exercise
Support System
Time management
Guided Imagery & Visualization
Relaxation
Journal Writing
defense mechanism: Negation of reality of threatening situations, despite factual evidence
Denial
defense mechanism: Attribution of one’s own thoughts, feelings, or impulses to others
Projection
defense mechanism: Unconscious blocking from awareness material that is threatening or painful
Repression
defense mechanism: Intellectual explaining away of threatening circumstances
Rationalization
defense mechanism: Incorporating without examination or thought, the qualities or attitudes of others
Introjection
defense mechanism: Transfer of feelings or reaction evoked by one topic or event to another that is less threatening
Displacement
defense mechanism: Expression of a feeling that is the opposite of one’s authentic feeling or of feelings that would be appropriate in the situation
Reaction formation
defense mechanism: Retreat to a previous developmental level
Regression
defense mechanism: Conscious attempt to keep threatening material out of consciousness
Suppression
defense mechanism: Channeling of socially unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities
Sublimation
defense mechanism: Use of an object, idea, or act to express emotion that is not express directly.
Symbolization
