1chp2 Flashcards

1
Q

All behavioral research attempts to answer questions about…

A

behavioral variability

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2
Q

Five ways variability is central to research process

A
  1. Psychology and other behavioral sciences involve the study of behavioral variability2. Research questions in all behavioral sciences are questions about behavioral variability3. Research should be designed in a manner to answer questions about behavioral variability4. The measurement of behavior involves the assessment of behavioral variability5. Statistical analyses are used to describe and account for the observed variability in the behavioral data
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3
Q

What are the 3 ways behavior varies?

A
  1. Across situations. people act differently in diff situations. Act diff whether room is hot or cold…2. Among individuals. Several people will behave differently in the same situation (opposite of first one!) Some ppl shy at a party, some are not3. Behavior varies OVER TIME. a baby that couldn’t walk a few months ago can run today. A task that was interesting an hour ago has become boring.
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4
Q

A well-designed study is one that permits researches to…

A

describe and account for the variability in the behavior of their research participants. At each step of design and execution, researchers must be sure that their research lets them asnwer their questions about behavioral variability.

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5
Q

Descriptive vs Inferential Statistics

A

Descriptive: Summarize/Describe behavior of participants in a study. Reduce tons of data to simple and interpretable numbers like ratios/averages/percentagesInferential: Used to draw conclusions about the reliability and generalizability of one’s findings. Can I generalize my findings? How likely was this all due to randomness?

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6
Q

Variance

A

The amount of observed variability in participants’ behavior.ORIt’s just an indication of how tightly or loosely a set of scores clusters around the mean of scores!

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7
Q

Range. Why inadequate?

A

Difference between larges and smallest scoresORLowest score vs Highest ScoreDoes not take into account the scores within the range and how much they vary!

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8
Q

How does variance use the mean?

A

It’s just an indication of how tightly or loosely a set of scores clusters around the mean of scores!

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9
Q

Steps to get variance

A
  1. Calculate mean2. Subtract mean from each score. Called DEVIATION SCORE3. Square all deviation scores4. Add all the squared deviation scores up (AKA THE TOTAL SUM OF SQUARES)5. Divide by ONE LESS than the number of participants (Gives us S2!!)
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10
Q

S2 (squared)

A

The variance!

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11
Q

The statistical notation for getting S2

A

S2 = E(yi-y)2 / (n-1)Second y has a bar over top

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12
Q

yi

A

Symbol for each individual participant’s score

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13
Q

y with bar on top

A

mean

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14
Q

Systematic Variance

A

The part of total variance that is related systematically to the variables being investigated.

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15
Q

Error Variance

A

-Not a mistake!-The portion of total variance that is unrelated to the variables under investigation

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16
Q

How can error variance obscure the systematic effects of other variables?

A

-Analagous to how white noise can cover up the song or signal you’re trying to listen to… So too many competing variables

17
Q

Effect Size. What mean if .00 or 1.00?

A

The proportion of Systematic Variance to total variance..00 means none of the variance in participants responses is systematic variance1.00 means perfect relationship. Strongest relationship possible. One variable goes up, the other goes up just as much.

18
Q

Rarely see Effect sizes over?Average effect sizes fall in?

A

Rarely ever go above 40%Average effect sizes fall in the .1-.2 range of r

19
Q

D-based effect sizes

A

Size of the difference between the means of two groups, such as men and women. Or between participants in two diff experimental conditions.

20
Q

R-based effect size

A

Already know this! from .00-1.00The size of correlation between two variables.

21
Q

Odds-ratio effect size

A

Ratio of odds of an event occurring in one group to the odds of the event occurring in another group.1.0 = equally likely

22
Q

When is odds-ratio effect size statistics used?

A

When the variable being measured only has two levels.

23
Q

Meta-analysis

A

used to analyze and integrate the results from a large set of individual studiesExplores the degree to which variables are related and also explores the factors that affect their relationship (i.e. was the relationship stronger for men than for women?)