1chp15 Flashcards
Deontology
Ethics must be judged in lightof a universal moral code. Certain actions are inherently unethical, should never be performed.
Ethical Skepticism
Ethical rules are arbitrary and relative to culture and time.One should make decisions according to each person’s conscience; one should do what one thinks is right and refrain from doing what one thinks is wrong.-Research ethics can’t be imposed from the outside, mater of individual researcher’s conscience
Utilitarianism
Judgments regarding ethics of a particular action depend on the CONSEQUENCES of that action.The BENEFITS should be weighed against the COSTS.APA is essentially utilitarian!
Five basic benefits of behavioral research
-Basic knowledge-Improvement of research or assessment techniques-Practical outcomes (some studies provide direct practical benefits to improving human/animal welfare… immediately applicable)-Benefits for researchers (education, students get experience)-Benefits for research participants (research on therapy might help someone during course of study!)
IRB
Institutional Review Board-must be at every institution that conducts research and receives federal funds-must be composed of scientific/non-scientific people, and at least one person not associated with the institution
Six risks and ethical issues in research on human participants
-lack of adequate informed consent-invasion of privacy-coercion to participate-potential physical or mental harm-deception-violation of confidentiality
3 problems with obtaining informed consent
-compromises validity of study (observer effect)-participants unable to give consent (children, vulnerable populations)-ludicrous cases of informed consent (counting number of people in cars that pass by, lol having to get consent each time)
objections to deception
-lying is immoral and deceitful SO BAD (lol)-may lead to undesirable consequences (widespread deception makes people hate researchers, research participants may enter study beforehand expecting some type of deception)
Debriefing does what 4 things
-clarifies nature of study to participant (any deception revealed)-remove any stress or other negative consequences of study (participants must leave with no bad feelings of what they have done)-obtain participants’ reactions to study itself-participants should leave the study feeling good, researchers should express genuine appreciation
3 major categories of scientific misconduct
- scientific dishonesty - fabrication, falsification (distortion of data), plagiarism2. problems of ownership and credit3. abuse of power, sexual assault, workplace problems, discrimination