1.B - what is the relationship between patterns of international migration and socio-economic development

Question 1

value of migrant remittances definition

Answer 1

money transferred from 1 country to another, sent home by migrants to their family, friends and community

Question 2

human development index definition

Answer 2

• development is measured according to the UN’s HDI
• a composite index incorporating social and economic indices for life expectancy, education and GDP per capita
• 0-1 scale (1 most devp)

Question 3

suggest one benefit and one drawback of a country having large levels of migrant remittances

Answer 3

CON:
- money is being sent away rather than invested into the host country’s economy. LIDC will lose well educated people (brain drain).
- if theres a change in policy then the link stops. its unreliable for the LIDC to make money in this way.

PRO:
- a less developed country is gaining more money and having to do nothing for it. can help them develop. benefitting from another country’s economic development

Question 4

what relationship would you expect to find between level of socio-economic devp and patterns of migration?

Answer 4

• people move towards areas of higher socio-economic development
• the more developed you are, the less migrant remittances

Question 5

what is the blue banana?

Answer 5

• the economic heartland (therefore expect migrants to flood here)
• manchester to milan, discontinous corridor of urbanisation central europe

Question 6

why is a scatter graph an appropriate way to display data?

Answer 6

• able to see positive/negative correlations
• shows a clear relationship between the 2

Question 7

what does the spearman’s rank test show?

Answer 7

• shows correlation between 2 continuous data sets
• tells us if a correlation is statistically significant or not
• tells us if relationship is by chance or a correlation

Question 8

to what extent is there a relationship between socio-economic development and migration patterns within the EU?

Answer 8

• developing countries attract more migrants due to ↑ opportunities
• big cities = high industrial development
• ↑ development = ↓ GDP from remittances

YES:
- blue banana - main areas in Europe people want to migrate to (↑ population density - 110m people)
- HDI ↑ as GDP remittances ↓
- ↑GDP = ↑ immigrants (more economically developed)

NO:
- barriers more significant in determining patterns
- free movement lacus
- large flows of ideas
- closer together
- no strict borders

Question 9

flows of people in global migration

Answer 9

• people migrating = immigration and emigration
• refugees
• economic migrants
• asylum seekers
• students

Question 10

flows of ideas in global migration

Answer 10

• student migrants return to source country with degrees
• migrants create networks (communities within destination) which create flows of skills, financial resources, values and ideas through their links to association including professional, business, religious and social network
• values such as democracy and other norms of behaviour can flow from one country to another through use of social media and when migrants return
• multiculturalism
• globalisation/westernisation of culture (negative)
• variety of businesses e.g. food and cultural variety
• social remittances (e.g. ideas on family size, education and marriage) information on migrant reception and progress at the destination can be useful for prospective migrants

Question 11

flows of money in global migration

Answer 11

• bilateral relationship = aid
• countries that send migrant remittances:
  > US - $131bn
  > Saudi Arabi - $45bn
• countries that depend upon MR:
  > Honduras $4.3bn
  > Nepal $6.9bn
• billions of dollars sent worldwide

Question 12

flows of technology in global migration

Answer 12

• border control and regulating migration
• “brain gain”
• better bank transfers to send money overseas
• use of smartphones and social media:
  > communication
  > IDP Vulnerability Assessment. surveys using smartphones uploaded to an online database designed for automated analysis of around 400,000 urban IDPs so most vulnerable can be targeted for assistance

Question 13

IMPACTS of flows of migration:
impact of growth on the source country

Answer 13

• remittances, sent home by migrants, contribute as much as 25% of a country’s GDP e.g. Nepal 28%
• migrant remittances stimulate multiplier effect in home regions - Opole region in Poland gets 25% of its spending from MR
• technology, through bank transfers and the use of smartphones makes transfer of remittances more secure

Question 14

IMPACTS of flows of migration:
impact of growth on the host country

Answer 14

• migrants are consumers in their host countries so create a new market and boost spending. they may create new specialist businesses e.g. Polish shops
• migrants boost populations in regions of population decrease such as central France/Portugal
• they buy properties and help keep economy going
• often do work that locals won’t do and therefore support businesses e.g. service industries in Southern California
• the GDP and tax base of the host country are boosted by immigration
• migrants fill gaps in labour market/↓ skills shortages. e.g. Norfolk, farmers rely on seasonal migrant labour

Question 15

IMPACTS of flows of migration:
impact of stability on the source country

Answer 15

• flows of info via social media and phones mean asylum seekers find maps of best routes and safe areas to stay
• international migration can limit internal rural-urban migration and the pressures this puts on rapidly growing urban areas e.g. Indians -> Dubai

Question 16

IMPACTS of flows of migration:
impact of stability on the host country

Answer 16

• social remittances: global migration leads to the diffusion of ideas such as family size, education, gender equality and democracy
• diasporas create events, links and networks which stimulate the local economy and help promote multiculturalism eg. Leicester.

Question 17

IMPACTS of flows of migration:
impact of development on the source country

Answer 17

• returning migrants bring back new skills and knowledge. they may start own businesses which aid development of their home country
• UN migration and development provides bottom up approaches
• moving abroad for higher education and then returning to work in home country transfers skills and knowledge, aiding development

Question 18

IMPACTS of flows of migration:
impact of development on the host country

Answer 18

• technology (via phones) allows us to follow and map migrations more effectively so personnel can be put in place where needed

Question 19

IMPACTS of flows of migration:
impact of conflict on the source country

Answer 19

• conflicts over new border controls to restrict migrant movement
• hungary and bulgaria have erected expensive wire fences along borders

Question 20

IMPACTS of flows of migration:
impact of conflict on the host country

Answer 20

• social conflict can occur in areas where large migrant groups reside and change the culture of the area
• migrants bring ideas and values with them which may contradict those of the local culture to which they move.
• british people to southern spain and insisting on maintaining British culture

Question 21

IMPACTS of flows of migration:
impact of injustice on the source country

Answer 21

• people smuggling leads to violation of human rights in the Med, boats aren’t safe; staff abandon boats, many capsize
• some refugee camps e.g. Dadaab in N Kenya are now 25yrs old. With few prospects of conflicts being solved, the inequalities and injustices of life there will remain
• poor access to technology limits knowledge of situations on the ground and the ability of relief organisations to respond to refugee needs

Question 22

IMPACTS of flows of migration:
impact of injustice on the host country

Answer 22

• treatment of migrants in detention centres is often criticised. there have been suicides in such centres
• Australia doesnt allow boats w/ asylum seekers to land. they are now restricting access to anyone who tries to arrive in this way
• illegal migrants are often exploited by unscrupulous employers as they have no rights, so get low pay and poor working conditions e.g. Mexicans in US

Question 23

IMPACTS of flows of migration:
impact of inequality on the source country

Answer 23

• POLAND loses its younger generation as most migrants are 18-30 yrs old. fewer doctors, plumbers, contruction workers limits economic growth
• “Brain Drain” of highly qualified people. Malawi has lost many medical personnel to work overseas so own healthcare suffers. 1 doctor to 40,000
• increased inequality in source country. families of migrants benefit from higher incomes due to remittances, others dont.
• in BULGARIA families of EU migrants have built smart new houses w/ remittances

Question 24

IMPACTS of flows of migration:
impact of inequality on the host country

Answer 24

• birth rates change. BRITAIN’S birth rate has increased as a result of immigration of younger people; more people are needed for nurseries, schools etc.
• large scale, unplanned migration puts a strain on services. a surgery in New England ward in Peterborough had 1000 extra E European patients in 6 months
• the cost of handling largest number of refugees falls to poorer neighbouring countries such as Jordon and Lebanon which border Syria
• asylum seekers are not allowed to work and can live in poor, overcrowded conditions such as the jungle outside Calais.

Question 25

what is a feedback loop?

Answer 25

• positive feedback = greater imbalance
• remittances = trying to balance out the situation = NEGATIVE feedback