1.A - patterns of global migration Flashcards
population change definition
the balance of the number being born (birth rate) and the number dying (death rate); the number moving in (immigration) and the number moving out (emigration)
net migration definition
difference between the number of people moving permanently into an area and out of that area
immigration definition
in-migration of people into a country, which involves a permanent change of residence
emigration
out-migration of people from a country, which involves permanent change of residence
refugees definition
a person who has moved outside the country of their nationality or usual domicile because of genuine fear of persecution or death
asylum seekers definition
a person who seeks entry to another country by claiming to be a refugee
economic migrant definition
a person who moves from another country, region or place, involving a permanent or semi-permanent change of residence, to improve their standard of living or job opportunities
inter-regional migrant flows definition
migration of large numbers of people between different regions of the world e.g. Europe to N America
intra-regional migrant flows definition
migration of large numbers of people within a region
illegal migration definition
migration with no government permission, no documentation which usually limits rights to work
source countries definition
countries from which migrants leave
host countries definition
countries into which migrants arrive
push factors definition
negative attributes of a migrants place of origin which force a migrant to leave
pull factors definition
positive attributes of a place which attracts migrants
migrant remittances definition
money transferred from 1 country to another, sent home by migrants to their family, friends and community
diasporas definition
the spread of an ethnic or national group from their homeland e.g. Jews from Israel or Kurds from Kurdistan
whats the difference between inter and intra regional flows?
inter = between
intra = within
key idea surrounding population change
- in any one place, population change is a balance of 4 processes: BIRTHS vs DEATHS lead to NATURAL CHANGE and either NATURAL INCREASE or DECREASE
- immigration vs emmigration leads to MIGRATIONAL CHANGE - NET GAIN vs NET LOSS
what is net migration?
number of immigrants - number of emigrants
what is the migrant system?
DYNAMIC.
- flows of people change in number, direction of movement, demographic and ethnic composition
what has happened to migrant numbers during C21st?
- there has been a growth in numbers of migrants during C21st
- with just over 3% of the global population living outside their country of origin
what is one of the problems with migration numbers?
- getting accurate, uniform, reliable statistics
- many migrants move illegally and are not officially registered
how can the migration increase be explained?
- the increase can be explained, in part, by the globalisation process which makes it easier for people to learn about and have contact with other places…
- so increasing their desire to move…
- and also through innovations in, and reduced costs of, transport it has been easier to move between countries
what are the reasons/causes for migration?
causes of migration are diverse.
- some migrants are voluntary and make a choice, usually for economic or family based reasons.
- others are forced to migrate for political or cultural reasons (refugees and asylum seekers)
what are the key areas of migration?
- USA, Canada, Australia, UK, South Africa, Turkey (places with strong economies and infrastructure to support immigrants)
- lots of movement into Middle East for economic work e.g. Qatar
- Syria is the largest place of emmigration (4.5 mill) due to war
- lots of movement within Europe (dont have to travel over water = easier)
what is TREND 1 of migration, with evidence and explanation?
Many migrants are intra-regional
Evidence:
1.2 mill people moving within central and East Asia
Explanation:
- linguistic similarities
- shared cultures
- closer/less obstacles
- rural to urban
- conflict
what are the strengths and weaknesses of this data presentation?
- shows general patterns quite clearly
- no actual statistics
- generalised -> not showing realistic pictures as most countries will have immigration and emigration
- doesn’t show regional disparities
- impossible to tell how many migrants
what is TREND 2 of migration, with evidence and explanation?
inter-regional migration is often short distance, to neighbouring regions
Evidence:
- south asia to western asia about 4 mill
Explanation:
- people dont have the money to go much further afield
- looking for safety, not jobs
- dont have to cross large bodies of water
what is TREND 3 of migration, with evidence and explanation?
the most significant destination for international migrants is Europe
Evidence:
- roughly 9 mill going into Europe (larger than any other area in the world)
Explanation:
- economically stable
- dont have to cross large bodies of water
- safe and peaceful/developed
- former colonial links (e.g. Portugal and brazil)
- easy to move within EU one youre in (freedom of movement)
what is lee’s model?
obstacles could include:
- mountains
- sea
- borders
- rivers
- distance
- language
- political differences
- religion
the destination has to be more positive than the origin
- human factors = temporal variation (will change over time)
5 global migration statistics
- 280.6 million global migrants in 2020 (4% of world pop)
- women represented 70 mill (42%) of all international migrants (increase of 26% over last decade)
- top five remittance recieving countries in 2020 were: India, China, Mexico, the Philippines and Eygpt
- they recieved $250 billion in total
- in 2020, 35.5 million of total migrants were children under 18
