1a Pharmacology and Neurotransmitters Flashcards
What is the definition of pharmacology?
The study of how chemical agents can influence the function of living systems
What are the four most common drug targets?
Receptors, Enzymes, Transport Proteins and Ion channels
What must a successful drug show?
high levels of specificity for a particular target - this is to prevent the drug binding to different things and causing undesired effects
What is an adverse affect?
A side effect which has negative health consequences
What can cause side effects?
When the drug results in same target on a different tissue, or the drug acts on different targets on the same tissue
What is the “safest drug”
Where there is the largest difference between the dose required to induce the desired effect and the dose required to induce side/adverse effects
Why is selectivity more important for drugs than endogenous products of the body?
Endogenous products are produced specifically where they act, where as drugs have to travel in the blood stream to reach their target - more chance of the drug binding to the wrong thing and causing adverse effects
What is the size range of the synaptic cleft?
20-100nm
What type of transmission is an action potential?
Electrical transmission
What type of transmission is synaptic transmission?
Chemical transmission
What ion is essential for NT release?
Ca2+ - bind to vesicles which allows them to fuse with pre-synaptic membrane and release NT via exocytosis into synaptic cleft
What are some amino acid NT’s?
Glutamate, GABA and glycine
What are some amine neurotransmitters?
Noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine
Describe the stages of NT release?
- Action potential arrives at pre-synaptic bouton
- AP results in the opening of Ca2+ ion channels
- This results in a large influx of Ca2+ ions into the neurone
- The Ca2+ ions bind to the NT vesicles and cause the vesicles to fuse with the pre-synaptic membrane
- This releases the NT into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis
- The NT then makes contact with the receptor allowing for the depolarisation of the other neurone due to Na+ influx
- The NT is then enzymatically degraded or taken back up into the pre-synaptic bouton
How are dendrites specially adapted to their function?
They have many spines to increase the surface area for information reception
What is an example of a neurotoxin?
Botulinum toxin
Explain how botulinum toxin acts as a neurotoxin?
the botulinum toxin cleaves the SNARE proteins on the presynaptic membrane which would normally allow the NT vesicle to fuse
Therefore, the vesicle cannot fuse, and NT cannot be released
What are SNARE proteins?
They are specific proteins found on the pre-synaptic membrane which help the NT vesicle to fuse so the NT can then be released via exocytosis
What does botulinum cause?
Flaccid paralysis due to complete muscle relaxation