1a. Learning Theory Flashcards

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1
Q

Define “classical conditioning”

A

Process…
Creates ASSOCIATION…
NATURALLY existing stimulus…
Previously NEUTRAL stimulus

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2
Q

Name the 2 key studies that demonstrate classical conditioning

A
Pavlov's Dogs
Little Albert (Watson and Rayner)
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3
Q

Recall the unconditioned and conditioned stimulus and unconditioned response in Pavlov’s Dogs

A

Unconditioned: food
Conditioned: bell
UCR: salivate

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4
Q

Recall the unconditioned and conditioned stimulus and unconditioned response in the Little Albert Experiment

A

Unconditioned: Fluffy rat
Conditioned: loud noise
UCR: crying

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5
Q

Define “unconditioned stimulus”

A

Elicits REFLEXIVE/ innate response…

UNCONDITIONED stimulus

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6
Q

Define “conditioned stimulus”

A

Through ASSOCIATIONw with UCS…

Elicits CONDITIONED response = SIMILAR to UCS

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7
Q

Define “unconditioned response”

A

REFLEXIVE/innate responce
Elicited by UCS
NO PRIOR LEARNING

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8
Q

Define “conditioned response”

A

Response elicited by conditioned stimulus

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9
Q

Define “stimulus generalisation”

A

Tendency
Respond to SIMILAR stimuli to CS
Elicits same but WEAKER CR

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10
Q

Define “stimulus discrimination”

A

Ability to RESPOND DIFFERENTLY to different stimuli

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11
Q

Define “extinction” with respect to learning theory

A

CS presented REPEATEDLY in ABSENCE of UCS…

CR weakens then disappears

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12
Q

Recall the 3 ways by which observational learning occurs

A

Watching actions of another
Imitating actions of another
noting consequences of another

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13
Q

Recall the 4 things required for successful observational learning

A
"A really productive method"
Attention
Retention
Production
Motivation
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14
Q

Name the key study to recall for observational learning

A

Bobo Doll

Bandura 1961

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15
Q

Describe the Bandura 1961 study

A

Children watched adults aggressively beat up bobo doll, they imitated

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16
Q

Define “reinforcement”

A

Strengthening of response by the outcome that follows it

17
Q

Define “reinforcer”

A

Outcome that increases frequency of a response

18
Q

Differentiate between a primary and secondary reinforcer

A
Primary = like food, naturally satisfies needs
Secondary = stimulus that acquires reinforcing properties by association with PR
19
Q

Define “punishment” with respect to learning theory

A

Resopnse WEAKENING in response to outcome

20
Q

Define “punisher” with respect to learning theory

A

CONSEQUENCE that decreases frequency of response

21
Q

Recall Thornidike’s Law of Effect

A

Process
Behaviour LEARNED
MAINTAINED by CONSEQUENCES

22
Q

Differentiate between positive and negative reinforcement

A

Stimulus strengthened when stimulus is:…

  • added (positive)
  • taken away (negative)
23
Q

Recall the schedules for partial reinforcement

A

Fixed or variable

Interval or ratio

24
Q

Define “fixed interval schedule”

A

Reinforcement comes after fixed time interval

25
Q

Define “variable interval schedule”

A

Time interval to produce reinforcmentn varies around an AVERAGE

26
Q

Define “fixed ratio schedule”

A

Reinforement given after a fixed number of responses

27
Q

Define “variable ratio schedule”

A

reinforcement given after a variable number of responses

28
Q

Define “continuous reinforcement”

A

Every instance of behaviour is reinforced

29
Q

Compare partial and continuous reinforcement

A

Partial: learnt more slowly but also extinguished more slowly
Continuous: learned more rapidly but also extinguished more rapidly