1a - IP Networks Flashcards
LAN
Covers a small area
(A single building, a group of small buildings, or a small number of computers)
WAN
Covers a large area;
A grouping of multiple LANs that are connected together.
MAN
CAN
GAN
Metropolitan Area Network: A group of networks with a sociopolitical boundary
Campus Area Network: A group of interconnected LANs within a small geographical area (school campus)
Global Area Network: A single network with connection points spread around the world
Internet
A large, public network and the largest WAN
Intranet
A TCP/IP network that is scaled down for a very specific group of users.
Extranet
A private network accessible to select outside users.
Server
A computer that shares and manages network resources.
Client
Uses the shared resources that are managed and controlled by servers.
Network Classification
Client/Server
Peer-to-peer
Client/Server Network
A large network that has one or more computers acting as a server and the rest as clients.
Peer-to-peer Network
Contains computers that act as both clients and servers.
NIC
Network Interface Card;
A circuit card inside a network-capable device that enables a computer to access a network.
Every NIC has a MAC address.
MAC Address
Media Access Control;
A 48-bit unique identifier either on the NIC or the motherboard.
Network Media
The actual path over which a signal travels as it moves from one component to another.
Types of Network Media
Coaxial cable
Twisted pair cable
Optical-fiber cable
Wireless media
Coaxial cable
Original cable used in Ethernet networking
Common coax connectors
BNC (Bayonet Neil-Concelman) and F-type
BNC is mainly used in ____
RF applications
F-type connectors are typically used on ____
Televisions and modems used for broadband Internet access
Twisted-pair cable
Most commonly used media in modern IP ethernet networks
Typical colors used for wire insulation
Blue, Orange, Green, and Brown
Two types of twisted-pair media
STP and UTP
UTP
Has no metallic shielding around the pair of wires;
More susceptible to interference and gives off more emanations.
STP
Has metal foil surrounding the pairs of wires to prevent interference and “crosstalk”
What is the modern network’s standard connector?
RJ45 connector
The two major Ethernet wiring standards for twisted pair cables
T568B and T568A
What do T568B and A provide?
Guidance on how to build a twisted pair cable using an RJ45 connector.
The preferred guidance of twisted pair wire building in the US
T568B
The four main configurations of Twisted-pair
Straight through
Crossover
Rollover
Loopback
Straight through cable
Uses the T568B standard;
Used to connect dissimilar devices, such as connecting a computer to a network switch.
Crossover cable
Uses the T568A standard;
Used to connect similar devices, such as connecting two computers together or two switches together.
Rollover cable
Used to connect the administrator’s system to the console port of a Cisco router or switch.
Loopback cable
Used for troubleshooting a system.
Categories of twisted pair
1, 3, 5, 5e, 6/6a
CAT1
1Mbps;
Used for telephone voice, not for data communications
CAT3
10Mbps;
Used for phone and data;
Called 10BaseT when data is transmitted using Ethernet.
CAT5
100Mbps;
Used for phone and data;
Called 100BaseT when data is transmitted using Ethernet.
CAT5e
1Gbps;
Used for phone and data;
Called 1000BaseT when data is transmitted using Ethernet.
CAT6/6a
Up to 10Gbps
Optical Fiber
Used for long distances and high speeds;
Data is transmitted using light instead of using electricity like twisted pair cable.
Two types of optic fiber cables
Single-mode and Multimode
Single-mode optic fiber
Uses a single ray of light to carry the transmission over long distances.
Multimode optic fiber
More commonly used;
Uses multiple rays of light simultaneously, with each ray of light running at a different reflection angle to carry the transmission over short distances.
Types of connectors for fiber cables
Straight tip and Subscriber connector
Straight tip connector
Stick-and-twist connector;
Operates like a BNC coax connector.
Subscriber connector
Stick-and-click connector
LEDs are typically used with ______
Multimode fiber optic cables.
What provides the standard for wireless media?
IEEE 802.11
Software
The language the machines on the network use;
i.e: Linux, Windows, TCP/IP
Applications
Programs used to accomplish tasks like accessing shared files or web browsing;
i.e: Microsoft word, Google chrome, Calculator
Provides a general description of how the devices on the network link to each other physically and logically.
Network topology
Describes precisely how each devices connect, such as how the wires run from machine to machine.
Physical topology
Describes how the signals used on the network travel from one computer to another.
Logical topology
5 principal topologies used in LAN
Bus
Ring
Star
Mesh
Hybrid
Bus
Used coax cable for media;
All devices are connected by one cable.
Star
All end devices connected to a single infrastructure device, such as a hub or a switch.
Ring
Every computer system is connected in a complete loop.
Mesh
Connects each node / device is connected with multiple links to other devices.
Hybrid
A combination of the topologies.
OSI Model
Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application
Includes cabling, connectors, hubs, and NICs.
Physical
Where bridges and switches operate.
Data Link
The two sublayers of DLL
LLC (Logical Link Control) - error correction and flow control
MAC (Media Access Control) - addresses networking devices by using the MAC address
Responsible for routing functions and logical addressing (IP addressing); IPv4 & IPv6
Network Layer
Breaks data into smaller, manageable chunks for transmission that will fit inside two or more packets; TCP and UDP
Transport Layer
Responsible for managing and terminating sessions between programs on devices; RPC (remote procedure call) & SMB (remote message block)
Session Layer
Encryption occurs on this layer; includes TLS (Transport layer security), SSL (secure socket layer), GIF (graphic interchange format), JPEG (joint photographic experts group), MP3, and MP4
Presentation Layer
Represents network-related program code and the functions computers need to initiate or service requests; SMTP and POP3
Application Layer
IPv4
A 32-bit binary value;
A connectionless protocol used in packet-switched layer networks (such as ethernet).
Class A address range
1-126
Class B address range
128-191
Class C address range
192-223
Class D address range
224-239
Class E address range
240-254
Subnet mask
Used to help devices distinguish the host’s network
Class A - 255.0.0.0
Class B - 255.255.0.0
Class C - 255.255.255.0
Class D and E - 255.255.255.255
Network ID
First part of the IP address and provided by IANA.
Host ID
Gets specific host information for that part of the network;
the last octet of the IP address
Uses subnets;
Enables the use of IP addresses with different subnet masks in the same network.
Classless IP Addresses
Subnet ID
Used for dividing a network into sub-networks.
Broadcast address
A special type of networking address that is reserved for sending messages to all nodes on a given network or network segment.
IPv6
A 128-bit address displayed in hexadecimal format;
Used for carrying data in packets from a source to a destination over various networks.
Fragmentation
Breaking up data into smaller chunks.
