1A - Innate Immunity

Question 1

infectious diseases are caused by

Answer 1

Bacteria, Virus, Prions, Protozoa, Fungi, Parasites

Question 2

non-infectious diseases are caused by

Answer 2

Nutritional, metabolic, trauma, toxic materials, congenital defects

Question 3

a contagious disease

Answer 3

Animal to animal transfer

Question 4

noncontagous disease

Answer 4

Environment to animal transfer

Question 5

the infectious disease process

Answer 5

◦ Enter host (invade) ◦ Multiply ◦ Evade host (hide) ◦ Harm host

Question 6

the determinants of disease (triad of disease determinants)

Answer 6

Host, Agent, Environment

Question 7

Host (determinants of disease)

Answer 7

genotype, species, breed, age, sex, social and occupational factors

Question 8

Agent (determinants of disease)

Answer 8

Pathogenicity and virulence

Question 9

Environment (determinants of disease)

Answer 9

location, climate, housing, management, feeding, stress

Question 10

portals of entry (of pathogens)

Answer 10

Ingestion, Inhalation, Cutaneous penetration, Ascending infection

Question 11

direct transmission

Answer 11

cough, touch, bites, grooming, licking, ingestion

Question 12

vector

Answer 12

organisms that transmit an infectious agent from one animal to another

Question 13

fomites

Answer 13

inanimate objects that transmit a particular disease or parasite from one animal to another

Question 14

indirect transmission

Answer 14

transmission via vector or fomite

Question 15

epidemic

Answer 15

rate of new cases in a population is greater than expected

Question 16

endemic

Answer 16

disease is maintained at a relatively constant rate in the population without the need for external input

Question 17

pandemic

Answer 17

epidemic of worldwide distribution

Question 18

classification of disease by spread

Answer 18

transmission

Question 19

commensalism

Answer 19

relationship in which neither parties are harmed

Question 20

mutualism

Answer 20

relationship in which both benefit

Question 21

parasitism

Answer 21

relationship in which one lives at the expens of other

Question 22

virulence and pathogenicity can be used to describe

Answer 22

the ability of the agent to cause disease; used interchangably

Question 23

virulence

Answer 23

the degree of harm the organism causes

Question 24

pathogenicity

Answer 24

refers to the ability of an organism to cause disease

Question 25

infectious dose

Answer 25

minimum number of organisms required to cause infection

Question 26

factors that effect infectious dose

Answer 26

age, sex, immune status, pregnancy status

Question 27

types of pathogens

Answer 27

obligate, opportunistic

Question 28

obligate pathogens

Answer 28

associated only with disease

Question 29

opportunistic pathogens

Answer 29

potential pathogens; part of the norma flora until oportunity strikes via host becoming immunocompromised

Question 30

frontal assault pathogenic microbes

Answer 30

(acute)‣ Short incubation ‣ Rapid clinical signs ‣ Intimate transmission ‣ Ex - many childhood diseases, parvovirus in dogs, salmonellosis, acute mastitis, COVID

Question 31

stealth assault pathogenic microbes

Answer 31

(insidious) ‣ Incubation lengthy ‣ Slow onset of signs ‣ May have environmental transmission ‣ Ex - Bovine Johne’s Disease, Tuberculosis, Chronic wasting disease

Question 32

host

Answer 32

describe the lifecycle of hlminths and protozoa

Question 33

definitive host

Answer 33

in which the infectious agent reaches sexual maturity or replicates

Question 34

intermediate host

Answer 34

essential part of the parasite lifecycle; temporary environment for development

Question 35

reservoir host

Answer 35

harbors pathogens that infect others; host does not demonstrate clinical signs of the disease

Question 36

dead-end host

Answer 36

can get infected but is unlikely to pass the agent to another host