1.A and C (FOOD SECURITY)

Question 1

food security

Answer 1

the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of nutritious food

Question 2

global governance

Answer 2

involves a multitude of institutions on all scales: UN, NGOs and TNC to tackle global issues like food security

Question 3

FAO’s definition of food security

Answer 3

‘food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an active and healthy life’

Question 4

from FAO definition WFP have developed what?

Answer 4

‘three pillars’ of availability, access and utilisation

Question 5

two types of food security

Answer 5

chronic and transitory

Question 6

food security and the Millennium Development Goals

Answer 6

aimed to ‘eradicate extreme poverty and hunger’

Question 7

physical availability

Answer 7

• ‘supply side’ of food security determined by the level of food production, stock levels and net trade

Question 8

economic and physical ACCESS to food

Answer 8

national and international adequate supply of food doesn’t guarantee household food security
produces policy focused on incomes, expenditure, markets and prices to achieve FS

Question 9

food UTILISATION

Answer 9

the way the body makes use of the nutrients
sufficient energy and nutrient intake = good care, food practices, diversity, preparation and intra household distribution of food

Question 10

stability of all three dimensions over time

Answer 10

stability from adequate food intake
instability if access to food is periodically inadequate
factors causing instability: weather, political instability, unemployment, rising food prices

Question 11

variations in food security within countries

Answer 11

regionally - west and east provinces of china
rurally and urban - Ghana
between social groups - internally displace groups in Columbia

Question 12

regional variation - china

Answer 12

9/31 provinces have been classified as food insecure - EX tibet and Yunnan
in the 9 provinces 60% consume less than recommended for staple diet

Question 13

food security in urban areas - Accra Ghana

Answer 13

• 15% households involved in agriculture compared to 20-50% in other African countries
• urban production responsible for substantial proportion of cities fresh veg but wealthier class can afford
• vulnerable rely on cheaper, less-proffered food or ration money to buy street food

Question 14

food insecurity between social groups - Colombia

Answer 14

• 50 year armed internal conflict
• 6M people internally displaced
• 95% food insecure

Question 15

Influence of globalisation on the food industry

Answer 15

since 1970s:

• interconnectedness increased transnational flows of people, good and information
• new routes increased global access bettering food diets and societies
• pop increased = increased demand
• most difficult regions to grow food: Sudan, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia
• changing global tastes = removed seasonality of food

Question 16

issues caused by globalisation of food industry

Answer 16

food miles
obesity
rising prices
inequality between TNCs and small suppliers

Question 17

food miles

Answer 17

• how far food has travelled from producer to consumer
• globalisation increased exceptionally
• supermarket food avg food miles = 2400km before on shelves
• decreased on seasonal food = year-long supplies
• implication for GHG emissions and environment - can be reverse. lettuce in winter UK = more GHG emissions than summer lettuce in Spain transported
  examples: Apples from USA 10,000km, strawberries Spain 1000km

Question 18

inequality between TNCs and small suppliers

Answer 18

• shift from small scale farming to agribusinesses, TNCs and major food retailers
• national food system linked to global value chains through patterns of trade and investment
• TNCS control terms by which farmers can participate in food system - favouring large capital-intensive growers > small producers
• FDI has reduced national governments to regulate own food systems
  example: Brazil - large agribusiness firms account for 62% of the value of agricultural production

Question 19

obesity

Answer 19

• development = increase in affluence and consumption shifts from cereals towards food that are more expensive: meats and dairy
• increasing fast food outlets by TNCs
  example: china - meat consumption x6 in 30years and investment in fast-food retailers has the largest no.of KFC 4500
• increasing obesity and health issues
  example: Brazil - increase of McDonalds 308% in 9 years
• globalisation through technology: advertisement, social media, recipes etc increase obesity as want and demand increased
  example: Philippines - still malnutrition there’s also x2 overweight children

Question 20

price crisis

Answer 20

FAO food price index measures the monthly change in international prices of basket of food commodities - shows declining trend since 2011
vulnerable to food shocks causing increase in price dramatically increased food insecurity

Question 21

opportunities created by globalisation

Answer 21

• technical innovations
• short-term relief
• consumer choice

Question 22

technical innovations

Answer 22

• global sharing of technical advances increasing food production
• shared carefully in increased food production and not just wealthy get wealthier
  Example - Asian Green Revolution - critiqued for dependency on fertilisers benefitting wealthy farmers leading to debt among large proportion of rural population
• GM crops: altering DNA to withstand harsh environmental conditions associated with global warming: drought and soil salinity and nitrogen-use efficiency reducing fertilisers use
• appropriate technology - fertiliser deep displacement = low cost and small scale
• mobile apps - vet app and farming instruction - increasing equality and equity of knowledge

Question 23

short-term food relief

Answer 23

• co-operation and co-ordination to assist needy for emergency food aid enhanced
• international aid comes through:
  bilateral aid one to another country
  multilateral aid by number of countries and agencies: UN
  non-governmental aid voluntary organisations

Question 24

example of short term relief

Answer 24

Syrian civil war 2011

WFP aided 2016: 60,000 Egyptian, 240,000 turks, 50,000 Iranians and 600,000 Lebanese refugees and 4M inside Syria

Question 25

consumer choice

Answer 25

increase in global trade increased food products available in persons and online
global appeal brands: Pepsi, coca-cola, KFC, McDonalds, subway
no exists a consumer driven global food industry serviced by retail giants: Tesco