1A Flashcards
What does Anatomy & Physiology provide?
foundation for understanding body parts and function
Anatomy Defined
-Body Part
-“The process of cutting up”
-Science of body structures and the relationships among them
(How they interact w/ each other, How are they alined w/ each other)
Physiology
Function
Types of Anatomy
- ) Gross Anatomy
- ) Clinically Oriented Anatomy
- ) Surface Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
Study of structures that can be examined without a microscope
(“Cutting up”, dissection)
Clinically Oriented Anatomy
- Emphasizes structure and function
- Relates to medicine and other health sciences (PT, OT)
- Visually observe w/o use of microscope
Surface Anatomy
-Visualization in the “mind’s eye” of structures that lie beneath the skin
(know anatomy, able to palpate different structures through the skin and visualize what’s going on beneath the surface due to prior knowledge w/o the use of an x-ray)
Major Body Systems (11)
- Skeletal
- Articular
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Reproductive
- Digestive
- Endocrine
- Respiratory
- Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic
- Integumentary
Skeletal System Components
- All Bones (associated cartilages and joints)
- Joints can be subdivided into the articular system
Skeletal System Functions
- Supports and protects body (organs, allows us to stand and move)
- Provides surface area for muscle attachments
- Assists in body movements
- Bone cells store and create blood cells
Articular System Components
- The “joints” of the body
- Basically combined with skeletal system
Reproductive System Components
- Gonads: Testes and Ovaries (sex organs)
- Associated organs
- Internal vs. External (Penis & Vagina)
Reproductive System Functions
- Produce reproductive cells (sperm & ova)
- Transportation and storage of reproductive cells
- Release of regulatory hormones (works closely w/ the endocrine system)
Another name for Urinary System?
“Renal” mostly associated with Kidneys
Urinary System Components
Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra
Urinary System Functions
- Produce, store and eliminate urine (waste) from chemical processes within the body
- Regulates volume & chemical composition of blood (maintain homeostasis)
- Regulates fluid & electrolyte balance
Muscular System Components
- Skeletal Muscle tissue (what we think of and what we can see gains)
- Smooth Muscle tissue (visceral) located in intestines and arteries
- Cardiac Muscle tissue (involuntary)
Muscular System Functions
- Produces Movement
- Maintain Posture
- Production of heat (metabolic heat-maintain homeostasis so all our other organs and function properly)
Central Nervous System Components
Bring and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System Components
Nerves, Special sense organs (i.e. eyes and ears)
All other smaller nerves that send signals out to the body
Nervous system functions
1) Regulates body activities (nerve impulses)
2) Detects changes in int/ext environment (interprets) ex. step on sharp nail
3) Muscle contraction (voluntary and involuntary muscles) and glandular secretions (works hand in hand with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis in the body)
4) Most important system for sustaining life
Endocrine System Components
- All hormone-producing glands (pituitary, thyroid, hypothalamus, pancreas, etc)
- Hormone-producing cells in other organs
Endocrine System Functions
- Regulates body activities through hormones
- Work hand-in-hand with the nervous system
- Transports chemicals in the blood to various target organs of the body
Digestive System Components
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract and associated organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas) 1 Tube
Digestive System Functions
- Achieves physical (physical mastication) and chemical breakdown (saliva, stomach acid) of food
- Absorbs nutrients (distributes to where needed in the body)
- Eliminates solid wastes
Respiratory System Components
Lungs and Series of associated passageways (pharynx, larynx, trachea)
Respiratory System Functions
- Transfer O2 (Oxygen) from inhaled air to blood
- Transfer CO2 (Carbon Dioxid) from blood to exhaled air
- Regulates acid- base balanced of body fluids (regulate homeostasis)
- Air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds
What is Cardiovascular System often referred as?
The “circulatory” system
Cardiovascular System Components
Blood, Heart, and blood vessels
Cardiovascular System Functions
- Blood carries O2 and nutrients to cells
- Carries CO2 and wastes from cells
- Regulates acid—base balance, temperature, & H2O content of body fluids (maintain homeostasis)
- Help defend against disease and mend damaged blood vessels
WORKS HAND IN HAND WITH LYMPHATIC
Lymphatic System Components
Lymphatic fluid/vessels, spleen, tonsils, etc
Lymphatic System Functions
- Returns proteins and plasma to CV system
- Carries lipids from GI tract to blood
- Protect against disease-causing microbes (bacteria, viruses)
Integumentary System Components
Skin and structures derived from it such as:
hair, nails, sweat and oil glands
Integumentary System Function
- Protects the body (skin is the bodies largest organ)
- Helps regulate body temperature (maintain homeostasis)
- Eliminates some waste (ex. sweating)
- Detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold
Anatomical Terminology
Language of Anatomy
What does the Anatomical Position look like?
- Standing Upright
- Arms at sides, Palms facing forward
- Head facing forward
- Feet flat on floor, facing forward
What is it called when the body is laying face down?
Prone
What is it called when the body is facing up?
Supine
Regional names (6)
- Head: Skull and Face
- Neck: Supports the head and attaches it to trunk
- Trunk: Chest, abdomen, and pelvis
- Upper Limbs/extremity: shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, hand, and finger
- Lower Limbs/extremity: buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, foot, and toes
Directional Terms
- Used by anatomists to locate structures
- Words that describe the position of one body part relative to another
- Mostly grouped into pairs
Superior vs. Inferior (Directional terms)
Superior (cranial or cephalic) towards the head or upper part of structure
Inferior (caudal) Away from head or lower part of structure
Anterior vs. Posterior (Directional terms)
Anterior (ventral or belly side) nearer to front of body
Posterior (dorsal or back) nearer to back of the body
Medial vs. Lateral (Directional Terms)
Medial - Nearer to the midline
Lateral - Farther from the midline
Proximal vs. Distal (Directional Terms)
Proximal - Nearer to point of attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to origination of a structure
Distal - Farther from point of attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from origination of a structure
Superficial vs. Deep (Directional Terms)
Superficial - Towards or on surface of body
Deep - Away from surface of body
Internal vs. External (Directional Terms)
Internal (central) toward or in interior
External (peripheral) toward or on exterior
Ipsilateral vs Contralateral (directional terms)
Ipsilateral - on same side of body
Contralateral - On opposite side of body
Parietal vs. Visceral (directional terms)
Parietal - pertaining to forming outer wall of body cavity
Visceral - Pertaining to covering of organ in ventral cavity
Body Cavity
Spaces that contain internal organs
Body Cavity Function
Help to protect, separate and support organs
Principle Body Cavities (4)
- Cranial cavity
- Vertebral cavity
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominopelvic cavity
Cranial cavity
- formed by the cranial bones
- contains the brain
Lined with 3 layers of protective (meninges) tissue
Vertebral cavity
- formed by the vertebral column
- contains the spinal cord
Lined with 3 layers of protective (meninges) tissue
What the 3 layers of protective tissued that lines the cranial and vertebral cavity called?
Meninges
Thoracic “Chest” Cavity
Formed by the ribs, chest muscles (diaphragm), sternum, thoracic portion of vertebral column (V.C.)
Seperated from abdominopelvic cavity by diaphragm (inferior part of thoracic cavity)
3 Compartments of the Thoracic “Chest” Cavity
1) Pericardial cavity
2) Pleural cavities (2)
3) Mediastinum
Pericardial Cavity (compartment of thoracic cavity)
fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart
Pleural cavities (2)(compartment of thoracic cavity)
Each pleural cavity surrounds one lung and contains a small amount of fluid
Mediastinum (compartment of thoracic cavity)
Region between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the V.C. and from neck to the diaphragm
Contains all the thoracic organs except the lungs themselves
Heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and several large blood vessels
Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Extends from diaphragm to groin
- Enclosed by abdominal wall and pelvic bones/muscles
What are the 2 compartments of the Abdominopelvic Cavity?
1) Abdominal Cavity
2) Pelvic Cavity
What does the Abdominal Cavity contain (compartment of abdominopelvic cavity)
Contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gall-bladder, small intestine and most of large intestine
What does the Pelvic cavity contain (compartment of abdominopelvic cavity)
Contains the urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal he reproductive organs
What are the organs called that are inside of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity?
Viscera
4 quadrants of the Abdominopelvic cavity?
Right Upper (RUQ) Left Upper (LUQ) Right Lower (RLQ) Left Lower (LLQ)
What consist of the RUQ
Liver, Gall bladder, Ascending Colon, Right Kidney
What consist of the LUQ
Spleen, Body of Stomach, Descending Colon, Left Kidney, Pancreas
What consist of the RLQ
Cecum, Appendix
What consist of the LLQ
Sigmoid Colon
