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history extra bits > 1997-07 > Flashcards

1997-07 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who became Labour leader in 1992?

A

John Smith

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2
Q

Why did Labour win in 1997?

A
  • use of spin doctors
  • tired of Conservatives
  • Blair built on the achievements of Smith
  • new image
  • FPTP
  • cool Britannia
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3
Q

How many votes did the three main parties have per seat in the 1997 general election?

A

Cons: 58,187
Lab: 32,340
LIb: 113,977

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4
Q

When was the slogan New Labour first used?

A

1994 Party Conference

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5
Q

What were the chief features of New Labour?

A
  • nationalisation abandoned as party policy
  • promised that capitalism was in safe hands
  • legal restrictions on trade unions maintained
  • acceptance that class-based politics was no longer relevant
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6
Q

What was the Police Reform Act?

A

2002 - created PCSOs. They weren’t legally police officers but helped people feel a sense of security in their neighbourhood

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7
Q

What was the Repeal of Section 28?

A

2003 - repealed Section 28 of the Local Government Act 1988 which banned people from discussing or promoting homosexuality in public places.

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8
Q

What was the Civil Partnership Act?

A

2004 - homosexual couples were given the same legal rights in civil partnerships as hetero sexual couples

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9
Q

What was the Gender Recognition Act?

A

2004 - gave transgender people the right to legally change their gender and marry someone of their new gender

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10
Q

What was the Employment Act?

A

2004 - confirming trade union rights while improving industrial relations by requiring unions to hold a ballot before holding a strike.

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11
Q

What were some criticisms of the Labour govt?

A

some said the social benefits they were giving out were too high and some thought that it’s bad that the gap between the rich and the poor would decrease

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12
Q

Who was the Sinn Fein leader?

A

Gerry Adams

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13
Q

What did Gerry Adams do?

A

Come to a meeting at 10 Downing Street - showed how far things had come.

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14
Q

Who was the Irish PM?

A

Bertie Ahern

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15
Q

Which was the only party who rejected the Good Friday Agreement?

A

Ian Paisley’s DUP

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16
Q

What were the 4 principles of the Good Friday Agreement?

A
  • Northern Ireland’s union with Britain was guaranteed for as long as the people wanted it.
  • The Irish Republic withdrew their claims to Northern Ireland
  • a new power sharing assembly established
  • all terrorist prisoners released within 2 years
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17
Q

How was the Good Friday Agreement decided on?

A

An Irish referendum

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18
Q

Who persuaded the public to support the Good Friday Agreement?

A

David Trimble - leader of Ulster Unionists
Gerry Adams - leader of Sinn Fein

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19
Q

What were the results of the Good Friday Referendum?

A

Ireland - 95% Yes
Northern Ireland - 71% Yes

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20
Q

Why did each side in Northern Ireland agree to the Good Friday Agreement?

A

The violence would end and they would both have a share in government.

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21
Q

Who rejected the Good Friday Agreement?

A

extremists in both sides.

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22
Q

What happened in Omagh?

A

Aug 1998 - a car bomb explosion killed 28 and injured 200.

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23
Q

What did Gerry Adams say about the Irish violence?

A

‘violence must be a thing of the past, over, done with and gone.’

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24
Q

What happened in October 1998?

A

David Trimble and John Hume both jointly received a noble peace prize.

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25
Q

What sparked a change in attitudes to violence in Northern Ireland?

A

9/11 - the Irish Americans who had previously been supportive of the IRA now had an example of brutality in their own country.
July 2005 London Bombings too.

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26
Q

When did the IRA announce it was giving up weapons for anything other than peaceful means?

A

28th July 2005.

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27
Q

After the IRA promised to decommission what was the problem?

A

Assessing if the UVF would do the same. They always said they did not trust the IRA so would not agree to anything.

28
Q

Who had always proved difficult?

A

Ian Paisley. His DUP has rejected both the Downing Street Declaration and the Good Friday Agreement.

29
Q

Why was the DUP under pressure?

A

Loyalist Protestants were becoming a minority in Northern Ireland due to the high Catholic birth rate. That’s why power sharing would be an advantage to them.

30
Q

In 2001 what was the demographic of Northern Ireland like?

A

Catholic - 40.3%
Protestant - 45.2%

31
Q

When did the UVF renounce violence?

A

May 2006

32
Q

What was the St Andrews Agreement Oct 2006?

A
  • Northern Irish Assembly restored
  • DUP agreed to power sharing
  • Sinn Fein accepted the authority of the Police Service of Northern Ireland
33
Q

What were the results of the 2007 Northern Irish election?

A

DUP - 36
Sinn Fein - 28
Official Unionists - 18
SDLP - 16

34
Q

Who became leaders in Northern Ireland in 2007?

A

Ian Paisley and Martin McGuinness

35
Q

What did the British govt announce in July 2007?

A

The end of the military operations in Northern Ireland.

36
Q

What did McGuinness say?

A

‘until the 26th March this year, Ian Paisley and I had never had a conversation about anything, not even the weather, and now we have worked together and there’s been no angry words between us. This shows we are set for a new course.’

37
Q

What was the population of Britain in 2006?

A

60.5 million

38
Q

How much did population increase 2001 to 2006?

A

almost 2 million

39
Q

What was the new trend with the population?

A

was becoming older. in 2006, there were twice as many senior citizens as there had been 50 years earlier.

40
Q

What are the problems of an ageing population?

A
  • more reliance on welfare states but less tax
  • increased number of retired people
  • amounts paid in national insurance increases
  • the working population feels the tax burden
41
Q

How did net migration change 1991-2006?

A

increased by around 3 million

42
Q

When did immigration peak?

A

2004

43
Q

What did the 2001 census reveal?

A
  • the largest ethnic minority was Indians at 984,000
  • there was also over 900,000 people of Caribbean or African descent
  • there was over 900,000 people from Bangladesh and Pakistan
  • 1.6 million Muslims in Britain
44
Q

What showed a lack of integration?

A

2001 riots in Bradford, Manchester and Oldham between different races.

45
Q

Who was Trevor Phillips?

A

chairman of the ECHR

46
Q

What did Phillips suggest?

A
  • schools that are segregated based on religion should be banned. he specifically had Islamic schools in mind.
47
Q

Which act was introduced in 2006?

A

Religious hatred act

48
Q

What did the Religious Hatred Act 2006 try to do?

A

protect people from being abused or attacked for their religious beliefs.

49
Q

Which moments showed problems with religious intergration?

A
  • 7/7 London Bombings 2005
  • Feb 2006, 300 Muslims protested against a Danish newspaper’s insults of the prophet Mohammed. 4 were imprisoned and one was chanting ‘Bomb, bomb the UK
50
Q

What is an extra parliamentary group?

A

one that doesn’t rely on conventional party politics

51
Q

When was the Green party created?

A

1985

52
Q

What were the arguments for the environmentalist’s case?

A
  • rising temps were destroying animal and plant species
  • carbon dioxide emissions were increasing
  • industrial production needed to be limited
  • their conclusions were based on the findings of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
53
Q

What were the arguments against the environmentalist’s case?

A
  • the earth had only warmed 1C in the last 100 years
  • Human produced CO2 has a minor impact
  • an increase in temp could have a positive impact on food production
  • the IPCC is not a neutral scientific body
54
Q

Who were the British National Party?

A

an anti-immigration party

55
Q

Who were the countryside alliance?

A

they resisted the potential ban on foxhunting.

56
Q

Describe a London demonstration in Sept 2002?

A

the Countryside Alliance rallied together 400000 supporters to protest against banning fox hunting

57
Q

When was fox hunting banned?

A

Pushed through the Commons in Sept 2004, became law 2 years later.

58
Q

How many people protests against Iraq?

A

800,000+

59
Q

Why were politicians becoming less trusted?

A
  • they were making politics a career rather than having life experience
  • it was felt that Parliament has less influence than the govt
  • MP’s salaries were well above the national average
60
Q

What did Blair say in 1997?

A

his priority was ‘education, education, education.’

61
Q

What were the main changes in education?

A
  • special attention to failing schools
  • reduction of class sizes
  • ‘Excellence in Cities’ plan gives more funding to deprived schools
  • the scheme that allowed poorer children to have their place at a fee paying school funded was removed
  • Learning Skills Act 2000 paved the way for schools to switch to academies
  • 1000 new schools opened
  • funding raised to 5.6% of GDP
  • number of qualified teachers rose by 35000 and teaching assistants by 170000
62
Q

How did higher education change?

A
  • wanted 50% of school leavers to go to uni
  • tuition fees introduced in 1998. they were £3000 on average in 2006
  • the number of uni students doubled to 2.4 mill
  • women in higher education doubled
  • league tables were published
63
Q

Why did some of the educational reform fail?

A

schools generally needed to be in good areas in order to be a good school.

64
Q

What was the situation with uni places?

A

only 3% of them were filled by children from disadvantaged backgrounds

65
Q

How much was claimed by MPs as travel money in 2007?

A

£337,000

66
Q

What was Britain’s international position like in 2007?

A
  • one of a small number of nations with nuclear power
  • independent currency
  • City of London was a major finance centre
    -played peacekeeping role
  • commonwealth remained
  • remained member of EU
  • member of the G8
  • developed links with China after the joint declaration 1984
  • devoted 2% of GDP to foreign aid.
67
Q

What was British military capability like in 2007?

A
  • leading NATO member
    -permanent member of UN security council
  • armed forced often involved in conflicts
  • war on terror showed capabilities

history extra bits (6 decks)

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