1984-1994 Flashcards
How many signatures did the UDF campaign for in 1983 and 1984 and why?
1 million, against proposed new constitution and black local government
Rent strikes as part of the UDF’s “People’s Organs, People’s Power” programme led to how much in rent arrears by 1989?
half a billion Rand
What did Ciskei workers boycott in 1983-84
the buses taking them to work in East London
What happened to the UDF in 1987?
It was banned
Where were 175 people killed in 1984 violent demonstrations against rent increases?
Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging area
How many people were killed in 1985 as result of political activity?
over 800
Which party tended to be popular in the 80s with migrant workers living in barrack-hostels?
Inkatha
Who was accused of bombing COSATU HQ in 1987 and why?
SA government, on basis that used by MK members
What organisation was formed in 1987 to identify enemies of the state?
Civilian Co-operation Bureau
Which anti-apartheid critic was assassinated in May 1989?
David Webster
How many black people were shot dead by police in 1986?
about 500
Who did the gang “the Phakatis” terrorise in 1985?
those supporting a schools boycott in Orange Free State
Why did vigilante groups target Edenvale Valley in 1988 and how?
- It was a centre of unrest and ANC support.
- 1200 deaths were blamed on vigilantes.
When was the Mixed Marriages Act repealed?
1985
When were Pass Laws abolished?
1986
What were the two nicknames given to Botha’s reforms to included Indians and coloured people in government?
- WHAM - Winning of Hearts and Minds
- Adapt or Die
When was a new constitution introduced?
1984
Who was allowed to vote for the 1984 constitution and what was the result?
- white voters
- 2 to 1 in favour
What were the three proposed chambers in the 1984 constitution?
- House of Assembly - 178 whites
- House of Representatives - 85 coloured
- House of Delegates - 45 Indians
What would the multi-racial cabinet be responsible for under the 1984 constitution?
general affairs, eg taxation, defence, business and foreign affairs
Who would be responsible for education, health and local government under the 1984 constitution?
uni-racial ministerial councils
What powers did the president get under the 1984 constitution?
- to dissolve parliament at any time
- responsibility for African affairs
- to appoint a cabinet from membes of all three Houses
How was the president elected under the 1984 constitution?
by a college of voters - 50 white, 25 coloured and 13 Indian MPs
Who was given the power to settle any disputes between the three Houses under the 1984 constitution?
multi-racial President’s Council
What were the five main criticisms of the 1984 constitution?
- whites dominated
- maintained racial separation
- Africans had no input except to local government
- President too powerful
- costly and overly bureaucratic
Which pro-apartheid party was formed as a result of the backlash from the 1984 constitution?
Conservative Party of South Africa
Who did Botha allow to meet Mandela in January 1985 (whilst intensifying military activities against ANC and PAC bases abroad)?
An “Eminent Persons Group” of various Commonwealth heads of state
Which transport had been desegregated under Botha’s reforms?
buses (but trains weren’t)
When in the 80s was a new state of emergency declared?
1986
How many US firms closed down their SA operations in 1985-6?
over 90
How much did the value of the Rand fall in 1985?
35%
How much did cost of imports increase by 1986-7?
60%
In 1987, where did SA inflation rank among industrial nations?
third highest
According to a 1980s British Commonwealth Committee report, SA intervention in neighbouring countries was responsible for what three things?
1 million deaths
3 million homeless
$35 million in damage
By how much did SA inflation rise from 1983 to 1986?
11% in 1983 to 18% in 1986
Who became president in February 1989 and why?
F W de Klerk, as Botha had a stroke
What was the New Course?
De Klerk’s plan to end apartheid and bring in power sharing between racial groups
Give four reasons why the New Course was needed.
- economic decline
- SA on verge of civil war
- National Party losing support
- reduced support from the West as communism seen as less of a threat
When was Mandela released?
11 February 1990
How long was Mandela in captivity?
27 years
What issues did ANC have at the time of Mandela’s release?
- Little formal political organisation or admin structures in SA
- dissent, particularly between moderates in exile and those who had stayed
- difficult to control those who had been participating in violence
When did ANC and National Party first formally meet to begin negotiations?
May 1990
When did ANC renounce violence?
August 1990
Name three organisations unbanned in February 1990
- ANC
- PAC
- SACP
What happened in August 1993 that lost support for PAC?
APLA (PAC’s military wing) brutally murdered an American aid worker.
What did the Afrikaner Weerstandbeweging (AWB) want?
independent white homeland
When did segregation of facilities become illegal?
October 1990, when Separate Amenities Act (basis for petty apartheid) was repealed
What was the full name of CODESA?
Convention for a Democratic South Africa
Whicjh three key groups refused to attend CODESA 1?
- Inkatha
- PAC
- conservatives
What was the most significant achievement of CODESA 1?
Declaration of Intent, committing government to reform
When was CODESA 1?
1991
When was the referendum of white voters re support for de Klerk’s reforms?
March 1992
What was the outcome of the referendum of white voters re support for de Klerk’s reforms?
69% in favour
When was CODESA 2?
May 1992
What was the aim of CODESA 2 and did it work?
- The aim was creating a working model for the new constitution.
- It failed to do so.
What was the outcome of CODESA 2?
Record of Understanding
What were the three principles of the Record of Understanding?
- release of all political prisoners
- physical restrictions on Zulu hostel dwellers deemed responsible for many Inkatha-inspired attacks
- banning of traditional weapons such as pangas
What did future government have to guarantee in return for the three principles of the Record of Understanding?
- guaranteed employment and pension for existing public employees
- power sharing between leading parties
What did Mandela concede in February 1993?
Future government would be one of National Unity, including members of all parties with more than 5% of vote.
What were the three key concerns of many whites about sharing power?
- their safety if African backlash
- their livelihoods as Africans became more skilled so could take their jobs
- jobs arising from bureaucracy of apartheid or security forces not needed
Which three parties initially formed the Freedom Alliance?
AWB
Conservatives
Inkatha
Why did Conservatives withdraw from Freedom Alliance?
incompetent military incusion into Bophuthatswana by AWB in March 1994 to support anti-settlement leader Lucas Mongope
What happened in Boipatong in June 1992?
Inkatha members killed 46 suspected ANC supporters (leading to Mandela suspending negotiations).
What happened in Bisho, the capital of Ciskei, in September 1992?
Up to 100k ANC supporters marched, with Ciskei forces killing 30.
What happened on 10 April 1993?
Chris Hani, leader of MK, was murdered by white extremist.
What was set up in September 1993 to create the new political system?
Transitional Executive Council
What were the four main pillars of the New Constitution?
- SA divided into 9 provinces, each with own elected government and civil service
- Bill of Rights protected by Constitutional Court
- two-thirds majority of popular vote needed to amend the system
- guaranteed power-sharing for 5 years
When were the first fully democratic elections held?
26 April 1994
What was the result of the 1994 elections?
62.5% ANC
20.5% National Party
10.5% Inkatha
1.25% PAC
Who became president and deputy president in the first Government of National Unity?
President Mandela
Deputy President de Klerk
What was set up in 1996 to investigate wrongdoing on all sides?
Truth and Reconciliation Commission
