1960-67 Flashcards
When was a state of emergency declared?
30 March 1960
How many people protested about the Sharpeville massacre outside the SA embassy in the UK?
over 10,000
What was the key message of Macmillan’s Winds of Change speech to the SA parliament?
“We must accept post-colonial changes otherwise new nations may turn to communism”
Why was the NZ rugby tour of SA controversial?
SA insisted Maoris couldn’t come so NZ excluded them from team
Who called for the anti-pass protests that led to Sharpeville massacre?
PAC
How many people protested at Sharpeville on 21 March 1960?
20,000
How many people were killed at Sharpeville and how?
69 killed, most shot in back as tried to flee
What did the Wessells Commission of Inquiry conclude about Sharpeville Massacre?
said police leadership indecisive but said police acted in self-defence
What Act banned PAC and ANC?
1960 Unlawful Organisations Act
When was MK formed?
1961
What were two streams of MK tactics?
- acts of sabotage against mainly government property
- train for guerrilla warfare (“Operation Mayibuye”)
When did SA leave the Commonwealth and become a republic?
1961
What was the voting split for and against becoming a republic?
52% in favour (majority Afrikaans speakers); 48% (majority English speakers)
When was the suppression of East Pondoland rebellion led by Intaba movement?
1961
When did the MK campaign begin and with what?
December 1961: bombings of government buildings in Durban and Port Elizabeth
In first 18 months of MK campaign, how many attacks were there?
about 200
When did the Treason trial end and what was the outcome?
1961, all acquitted as no evidence of treason
What happened in Paarl in November 1962?
Poqo attack - 250 supporters with axes and homemade weapons attacked police station, homes and shops and brutally killed two young white people
What were the key laws in the 1962 Sabotage Act?
- for acts of sabotage, assumed guilty until proved innocent and punishment was death penalty
- torture allowed to extract confessions
When was Mandela arrested as he returned home from abroad and for what?
1962; accused of incitement to strike and travelling abroad without passport
When was UN resolution 1761 passed?
November 1962
What boycotts did UN resolution 1761 call for?
breaking diplomatic relations, ceasing trading and denying passage to SA ships and aircraft
What did UN resolution 1761 have to say about apartheid?
It deemed apartheid and the policies enforcing it to be a violation of UN Charter and a threat to international peace and security.
How was the UN Special Committee against Apartheid established?
under UN resolution 1761 in November 1962
What was the“Subokwe clause” in the 1963 General Law Amendment Act?
It allowed prison sentences to be extended by a year indefinitely.
What did the1963 General Law Amendment Act change about arrest without charge?
could arrest anyone for 90 days without charge or access to lawyer; then could extend for another 90 days and so on
How many British MPs led a London protest march against apartheid in 1963?
50
Which was the first independent Bantustan and when did it occur?
Transkei, 1963
When was Liliesleaf farm in Rivonia raided by security forces?
July 1963
What was found at Liliesleaf farm?
MK operatives
cache of weapons
>250 incriminating documents
When was the the Rivonia trial?
October 1963
How long did Mandela speak at the Rivonia trial?
4 hour speech justifying ANC struggle against apartheid
What was the outcome of the Rivonia trial?
life imprisonment of Mandela and other ANC leaders
Where did Oliver Tambo escape to and set up new ANC quarters in 1960?
Tanzania
What organisation was set up in 1963 to encourage cooperation between newly independent African countries?
Organisation of African Unity
What did Potlako Leballo (leader of Poqo) plan for April 1963 and what happened?
mass uprising in April in which whites would be indiscriminately killed; plot discovered
How many of Poqo’s members were discovered and arrested by authorities in 1963?
all of them discovered; over 2000 arrested
What three key things did the 1964 Bantu Laws Amendment Act say?
- could deport any African from urban or white areas for any reason
- could establish quotas in areas or industries
- could deport unemployed Africans back to homelands
When was the Armaments Production Board set up to coordinate SA arms production?
1964
How much did the defence budget increase from 1961 to 1966?
R44m to R255m, ie more than 5x
When did Vorster become prime minister and why?
1966, when Verwoerd was assassinated
Which overseas organisation did the ANC form an alliance with in 1967?
ZAPU, an organisation fighting to destroy white supremacist regime in Rhodesia
Which country called for month-long March boycott of SA goods in March 1960?
UK
When did the UN call for a voluntary arms embargo on SA?
1963
When was SA suspended from the Olympic Games?
1964
