1968-83 Flashcards
What was the name of the Black Consciousness organisation of high school students, central in politicising school students and encouraging them to take action?
South African Students’ Movement (SASM)
When was the South African Students’ Movement (SASM) formed?
1968
What was the full name of BOSS, created in 1969 to coordinate defence and police?
Bureau for State Security
When was SA formally excluded from the Olympic Games?
1970
What was the main aim of the 1969 Morogoro Conference in Tanzania?
intended to draw up plan for victory and for reform of ANC structure to facilitate it
Which of the ANC’s National Executive and Revolutionary Council could non-blacks serve on?
Revolutionary Council (overseeing military struggle)
When was South African Students’ Organisation (SASO) formed?
1969
Who was allowed to join SASO?
Black African, Coloured, or Indian students
How many students were arrested at the SASO 1972 strikes on university campuses?
> 600
What was launched in 1972 with the aim of extending the Black Consciousness Movement’s message to workers’ unions?
Black People’s Convention (BPC)
What did the UN declare in 1973 in respect of what is now Namibia?
SA’s ruling of the former German South-West Africa since WWI was now illegal
Who became subject to a banning order in 1973?
Steve Biko
In 1974, what did the United Party become?
Progressive Federalist party
What increase in seats did the Progressive Federalist party get in the 1974 election?
moving from 1 to 7 seats
Which countries became independent of Portugal in 1974?
Angola and Mozambique
What did the 1974 Afrikaans Medium Decree require?
from 1975 at least half of all lessons in secondary schools must be taught in Afrikaans
When was Steve Biko arrested for breaking his banning order?
1974
When was SASO banned?
1975
What was the 1975 Operation Susannah?
SA invaded Angola, using 3000 SA troops
When did the Soweto uprising occur?
June 1976
What were the two key issues that led to the Soweto uprising?
- use of Afrikaans in teaching
- conditions in townships
How many children took part in the Soweto uprising?
20,000
How many children shot by police in the Soweto uprising?
about 20
How many armed police sent to Soweto in response to the uprising?
1,500
How many seats did the Progressive and National Parties get at the 1977 election?
- Progressive Party - 17
- National Party - 134
What was the Total Onslaught claimed by Botha as Defence Minister in 1974?
concerted attack by communists backed by USSR
What was the 1974 Total Strategy?
restructuring of government with emphasis on security
What was the 1977 UN resolution 177?
Arms embargo on SA
What was the 1977 Gleneagles Agreement?
Commonwealth agreement to sever sporting links with SA
What was the 1977 Committee of Ten?
committee formed in Soweto to organise new local government with residents voting for councils, but rejected by government
When did Transkei get full independence?
1976
When did Bophuthatswana get full independence?
1977
Which police stations did MK attack in 1977?
Daveyton and Germiston
When did Steve Biko die and where?
September 1977 in police custody
How did police claim Steve Biko died?
police claimed he attacked them and fell against wall during violent struggle
What did the inquiry conclude caused Steve Biko’s death?
brain damage worsened by 700 mile journey to prison hospital
What was the National Party Muldergate Scandal about?
significant government money spent on propaganda, eg The Citizen newspaper, bribes to other countries
Why was the Muldergate Scandal called that?
Minister of Information Connie Mulder seen as main culprit
After Connie Mulder resigned from the National Party, what party did she form?
Conservative Party with others from the National Party
What consequences were there for Vorster from the Muldergate scandal?
He was implicated so resigned as prime minister, briefly became president then resigned from that too
Why did ANC leaders visit Vietnam in 1978?
to study what is saw as its victory over US and success in uniting country
What did UN resolution 435 call for in 1978?
withdrawal of SA forces from Namibia and for transfer of power to people of Namibia
What did ANC change following its 1978 visit to Vietnam?
changed tactics from attacks in rural areas to guerrilla warfare in urban areas
Where did an MK bomb explode in 1978, killing one civilian and wounding three others?
outside the offices of the Bantu Affairs building in Port Elizabeth,
When did Botha become prime minister and why?
1979 because Vorster resigned
When did Zimbabwe officially become independent and get black-majority rule?
1980
What did MK attack many times in 1979? Give at least one example.
railways, eg in April improvised device discovered and defused on railway near Soweto; in December, railway in Eastern Cape was damaged by a blast
When did Venda get full independence?
1979
How equal was the spread of wealth in SA in 1980 survey?
SA had one of most unequal societies in world: wealthiest 10% had 58% of wealth; lowest 40% had 6% of wealth
What was the President’s Council, formed in 1981?
council of white, Indian and coloured formed to advise government, replacing Senate
Why was the African Council proposed in 1981 not actually formed?
no blacks prepared to join
When did Ciskei get full independence?
1981
What was introduced in the 1982 Internal Security Act?
anyone could be investigated and banned without needing to give a reason
What did the 1982 Inquest Act outlaw?
reporting of deaths in custody
What did the 1982 Police Act ban?
criticism of security forces
Who assassinated activist Ruth First and when?
security forces in 1982
What were the main aims of the United Democratic Front (UDF)?
- to coordinate internal opposition
- ultimately to form new SA government based on Freedom Charter and abandon Bantustans system
How many organisations founded the United Democratic Front (UDF) in 1983?
575 organisations
How many signatures did UDF campaign to get or mass petition against proposed new constitution and black local government?
1 million
What did Ciskei workers boycott in 1983?
buses taking them to work in city of East London
