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Britain > 1979 - 1990 > Flashcards

1979 - 1990 Flashcards

1
Q

THATCHER: STYLE AND IDEOLOGY
What was Thatcher a striking example of?

A

A conviction politician

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2
Q

THATCHER: STYLE AND IDEOLOGY
What did Thatcher have a strong aversion to?

A

Consensus politics, her 11 years in power ended consensus

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3
Q

THATCHER: STYLE AND IDEOLOGY
Why was Thatcher angry at Heath?

A

Abandoning new right policies and going back to Keynesianism

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4
Q

THATCHER: STYLE AND IDEOLOGY
What did Thatcher hate?

A

State spending, inefficiency and low growth

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5
Q

THATCHER: STYLE AND IDEOLOGY
What was Thatcher’s large majority after the general election, and what did this mean?

A

43, meaning she could easily implement drastic reform

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6
Q

THATCHER: STYLE AND IDEOLOGY
What did Thatcher believe Heath did?

A

Pushed Britain further towards socialism then the Labour governments

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7
Q

THATCHER: STYLE AND IDEOLOGY
Describe Thatchers early life

A
  • Born the daughter of a grocer 1925
  • Chemistry and law at Oxford
  • First female party leader and PM
  • An ardent anticommunist
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8
Q

MONETARISM
Define monetarism

A

The theory or practice of controlling the supply of money as the chief method of stabilizing the economy

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9
Q

MONETARISM
What is monetarist view on unemployment?

A

Not worry about rising unemployment so long as inflation was kept low, because some unemployment is generally healthy for the economy

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10
Q

MONETARISM
Who was Thatcher’s 1st chancellor of the exchequer?

A

Howe

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11
Q

MONETARISM
What did Howe reduce the standard rate of income tax to?

A

33% - 30%

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12
Q

MONETARISM
What did Howe reduce the marginal rate for higher earners to?

A

83% - 60%

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13
Q

MONETARISM
What did tax on unearned incomes fall to?

A

98% - 75%

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14
Q

MONETARISM
To make up for the impact tax cuts had on government income, what did Howe do?

A

Increase VAT by 4%

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15
Q

MONETARISM
What were the results of Howe’s tax cuts?

A

The rich paid less tax, the poor paid more, and the cost of living went up

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16
Q

MONETARISM
What was Howe’s calculation

A

Cost of living going up caused inflation, but once this was fought off everybody would be better off

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17
Q

MONETARISM
What was Howe forced to do when inflation rose?

A

Raise interests to 14% June 1979 and 17% in December

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18
Q

MONETARISM
What happened to public spending under Howe?

A

It went in the wrong direction and people, aswell as businesses, were impacted

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19
Q

MONETARISM
Did inflation eventually come down?

A

Yes, and the 2nd chancellor of the exchequer Nigel Lawson remained true to tax cuts. However, the cuts in direct taxes were balanced by an increase in other general taxes

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20
Q

SUPPLY SIDE ECONOMICS
By mid 1980s what was largely abandoned?

A

Monetarism, in favour for supply side economics

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21
Q

SUPPLY SIDE ECONOMICS
Define supply side economics

A

Supply-side economics holds that increasing the supply of goods translates to economic growth for a country.

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22
Q

SUPPLY SIDE ECONOMICS
Give examples of supply side economic policies

A
  • Reducing taxation to give greater incentive
  • Encourage competition to lower prices
  • Limit power of trade unions so they couldn’t block productivity or hinder modernisation
  • Cutting wasteful welfare payments as a way of saving public money and reducing dependancy
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23
Q

DEREGULATION
Define deregulation

A

A concerted effort to remove financial and legal restrictions thatcher believed prevented efficiency and profitability in many areas of socio economic activity

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24
Q

DEREGULATION
Give examples of areas in the deregulation programme

A
  • Finance
  • Transport
  • Education
  • Health
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25
Q

DEREGULATION
How was finance deregulated?

A

Credit and exchange controls abolished

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26
Q

DEREGULATION
How was transport deregulated?

A

Bus companies denationalised

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27
Q

DEREGULATION
How was education deregulated?

A

Schools entitled to opt out of the state sector and become responsible for own financing

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28
Q

DEREGULATION
How was health deregulated?

A

Hospitals required to operate within an internal market by taking control of their own finances and matching needs to resources

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29
Q

HOUSING: THE RIGHT TO BUY
Define the housing act of 1980

A

Council house tenants could buy the house they were renting

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30
Q

HOUSING: THE RIGHT TO BUY
What did critics argue?

A

It undermined the principle of social housing and reduced the availability

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31
Q

HOUSING: THE RIGHT TO BUY
What did defenders say?

A

It provided poorer members of society the opportunity to own their own houses

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32
Q

HOUSING: THE RIGHT TO BUY
What did Thatcher view the right to buy council houses as?

A

The flagship of her economic policies. A further move towards Britain as a property owning democracy.

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33
Q

HOUSING: THE RIGHT TO BUY
What did this policy show about Thatcher’s economics?

A

Along w growing numbers ordinary people taking out building society accounts and becoming shareholders, it represented her belief in enlightened capitalism as the great bond which could unite all classes of society

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34
Q

HOUSING: THE RIGHT TO BUY
Was this a popular move among target audience?

A

Yes, by 1985 800,000 tenants had began to purchase property previously rented

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35
Q

HOUSING: THE RIGHT TO BUY
How many pp in Britain owned homes by 1990?

A

68% up 15%

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36
Q

PRIVATISATION
What was deregulation complemented by?

A

A policy of privatisation

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37
Q

PRIVATISATION
What did privatisation provide?

A

The state with extra funds, the policy aimed at increasing popular capitalism by giving much greater numbers of ordinary people the opportunity to become shareholders.

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38
Q

PRIVATISATION
What was the number of shareholders in Britain by 1990?

A

9 million

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39
Q

PRIVATISATION
What large enterprises were sold off?

A

British airways, steel, coal, and telecom

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40
Q

PRIVATISATION
What did financial deregulation encourage?

A

Banks and building societies to advance larger loans to their customers.

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41
Q

PRIVATISATION
What was the deficit by 1989?

A

£47 billion from £16 billion

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42
Q

INFLATION
What were interest rates used as?

A

A mechanism to control inflation

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43
Q

INFLATION
What were interest rates raised to in 1979?

A

17%

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44
Q

INFLATION
What did higher interest rates mean?

A

Made it more expensive for businesses to borrow

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45
Q

INFLATION
What did the government do to the £?

A

Made it more difficult for businesses to export

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46
Q

INFLATION
What did inflation initially go up to?

A

22% may 1980

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47
Q

INFLATION
What was the low of inflation?

A

2.5% 1986

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48
Q

INFLATION
What did methods of control lead to?

A

Recession

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49
Q

INFLATION
What did high interest rates n the early 1980s lead to?

A

Decline in both demand and output, economy went into recession w many businesses going bankrupt, leading to high unemployment

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50
Q

INFLATION
What did a 2nd recession lead to?

A

Eventual entry into the ERM

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51
Q

ECONOMIC REALIGNMENT
Even with the govs policies what happened?

A

Long term economic trends impact british industry

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52
Q

ECONOMIC REALIGNMENT
What were two issues for british industry?

A

Foreign competition and technological innovation

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53
Q

ECONOMIC REALIGNMENT
What was the shift in the British economy?

A

A move away from manufacturing to services. Thatcher embraced this change.

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54
Q

ECONOMIC REALIGNMENT
What was the downside of economic realignment?

A

In areas where people had never known different, there were painful adjustments. Sharpened NS divide.

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55
Q

ECONOMIC REALIGNMENT
What can economic realignment further be seen in?

A

The urban decay of many city centre areas. There were increased problems of alcohol, depression and drugs.

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56
Q

ECONOMIC REALIGNMENT
Where was focus shifting to?

A

London and the South, Howe told Thatcher in 1981 cities such as Liverpool could be left to ‘manage decline’

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57
Q

ECONOMIC REALIGNMENT
In 1981 April - July where were there riots?

A

Brixton, London, Birmingham, Liverpool, Leeds

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58
Q

ECONOMIC REALIGNMENT
Describe the Scarman Report

A

Commissioned to examine the causes of riots and it identified poverty and race as a key component.

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59
Q

ECONOMIC REALIGNMENT
What were areas of rioting suffering from?

A

High levels of unemployment and deprivation. This was exacerbated by the ‘sus law’ which unfairly targeted BAME groups

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60
Q

ECONOMIC REALIGNMENT
When were there further riots?

A

1985

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61
Q

UNEMPLOYMENT
Was unemployment seen as an aim?

A

No, instead British industry had to be prepared to be more competitive and this meant higher levels had to be accepted.

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62
Q

UNEMPLOYMENT
Describe monetarist impacts on industry

A

Many industrial plants closed permanently, worst hit areas were Midlands, the North, central Scotland and South Wales

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63
Q

UNEMPLOYMENT
What did some call Thatcher’s policies?

A

The deindustrialisation of Britain

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64
Q

UNEMPLOYMENT
What did manufacturing output fall by?

A

15% in 2 years, in the West Midlands this was 25% and steel production alone was 30%

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65
Q

UNEMPLOYMENT
What did unemployment rise to by 1983?

A

Over 3 million, highest of the post war period

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66
Q

UNEMPLOYMENT
Describe schemes introduced

A

Youth employment scheme subsidies for young workers, and lower national insurance rates for employers

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67
Q

UNEMPLOYMENT
Were schemes introduced any good?

A

No unemployment didn’t even go under 3 million until 1987

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68
Q

UNEMPLOYMENT
Where was unemployment the highest?

A

Areas reliant on heavy industry such as Liverpool (25%)

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69
Q

THE WESTLANDS AFFAIR 1986
What did this affair reveal?

A

Government divisions

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70
Q

THE WESTLANDS AFFAIR 1986
What was Westland?

A

A failing helicopter company. Defence secretary proposed to save by making part of a European Consortium

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71
Q

THE WESTLANDS AFFAIR 1986
What did the industrial secretary propose?

A

Have it taken over by US company Sikorsky

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72
Q

THE WESTLANDS AFFAIR 1986
Who did Thatcher back?

A

Sikorsky, defence secretary pushed to resign 2 weeks later

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73
Q

THE WESTLANDS AFFAIR 1986
What did the affair show?

A

Thatcher bullying her cabinet and not standing ground against America

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74
Q

NORTH SEA OIL
What did Thatcher do with NSO?

A

Privatise it, previously nationalised by Labour 1976

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75
Q

NORTH SEA OIL
What was the justification for privatisation?

A

Industry in relative long term decline

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76
Q

NORTH SEA OIL
What did critics say?

A

Gov squandered national asset for short term benifit

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77
Q

LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
Describe feelings within the Labour party by 1979

A

Both left and right wings disillusioned.

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78
Q

LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
Why was the left disillusioned?

A

The trade unions were antagonised by extensive periods of pay restraint, which bought them few benefits. Some, particularly skilled workers, voted Tory in 79. The left was also angered by it’s own inability to persuade the leadership to accept a radical plan of campaign

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79
Q

LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
Why was the right disillusioned?

A

It was increasingly isolated, and disaffected by the failure of revisionist policies, the parties lack of commitment to Europe, and the increasing determination of unions

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80
Q

LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
What did the economic recession between 79 and 82 do for the Labour party?

A

It strengthened the left. It was believed such deep a recession could mean that capitalism was on the verge of collapse, offer a socialist alternative. However, popularity grew with Falklands

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81
Q

LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
When did the disenchantment of the right of the party manifest itself?

A

When the ‘gang of four’ signed the limehouse declaration on 25th of January 1981, launching the birth of the SDP

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82
Q

LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
Who were the gang of four?

A

Roy Jenkins, Shirley Williams, William Rodgers, David Owen

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83
Q

LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
How many MPs joined the SDP?

A

30, 27 of whom had been Labour MPs

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84
Q

LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
When was the SDP liberal alliance formed?

A

Late 1981

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85
Q

LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
What did the gang of four contain?

A

Well-known, experienced, and popular politicians. The formation of the SDP is therefore a controversial subject within the Labour party

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86
Q

LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
Where did the SDP take support from?

A

Important sections of previous labour supporters and seriously damaged labours electoral chances. In the 1983 election it took a large share of the anti-thatcher vote

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87
Q

LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
Did the alliance do well at the 1983 general election?

A

Yes - winning 25% of vote compared to Labour’s 28%. However, first past the post, only 23 MPs

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88
Q

LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
To many observers what was the SDP for Labour?

A

A great benefit, forcing the party ‘back to sanity’ by bringing into the open how unselectable Labour had become

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89
Q

LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
Who was Labour leader in 1980?

A

Michael Foot

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90
Q

LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
Who ran unopposed as deputy?

A

Denis Healey

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91
Q

LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
Describe Tony Benn vs Denis Healey

A

Benn challenged Healey for the deputy leadership, Healey won, but it emulated the left right divisions

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92
Q

LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
What was Foot’s manifesto dubbed?

A

The ‘longest suicide note in history’

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93
Q

LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
What did Foot’s manifesto call for?

A
  • Unilaterism
  • Withdrawal from the EEC
  • Direct control over bank lending
  • Minimum wage
  • Hunting to be made illegal
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94
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
Who replaced Michael Foot as Labour leader?

A

Neil Kinnock

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95
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
What occurred when Kinnock became leader?

A

A wide-ranging policy review

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96
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
What did Kinnock denounce at the 1985 party conference?

A

Militant tendency councillors

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97
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
What did Kinnock do in many ways?

A

Sacrifice his own political career by carrying out so many U turns. Lost trust. Replaced by popular John Smith who died very unexpectedly in 1994.

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98
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
What was Kinnock?

A

A turning point for Labour’s fortunes. He was left but realised the hard left policy was not going to lead Labour back to power.

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99
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
What did Kinnock believe about reform?

A

It was necessary for Labour to be elected. Roy Hattersley from the right of the party became his deputy

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100
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
What was Kinnock’s strategy from the outset?

A

To regain power for Labour. This meant a shift to the right - a discussion was started on how to manage prosperity better. A radical change was not needed but a more egalitarian distribution of the surplus which capitalism produced. Revisionism was therefore back on the agenda

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101
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
Why was the miners strike a major problem for Labour?

A

It split the party and bought the leadership into a bad light. It bought the end of deep mining in Britain and many of these communities had been traditional Labour supporters. In the long term, however, arguably a benefit for labour leadership as it was a lesson in the need of moderation and caution.

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102
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
Describe militant tendency

A

Became a revolutionary party within the party

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103
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
What was there evidence of?

A

Certain Labour councils were causing adverse media comment. For example, in Liverpool the city council tried to force the government to give it more money.

104
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
When did the policy of brinkmanship culminate?

A

September 1983 hen it issued redundancy notices to all of it’s 31000 employees as a way of showing the logical conclusions of conservative policies.

105
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
What principle did brinkmanship offend?

A

Not playing with people’s livelihoods. Kinnock made a strong attack on the council’s conduct in a keynote speech at the 1985 bournemouth party conference

106
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
In 1586 what happened to the district Labour Party?

A

It was suspended and there followed a lengthy process of expulsions. Kinncok took great credit for this work.

107
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
In 1586 what happened to the district Labour Party?

A

It was suspended and there followed a lengthy process of expulsions. Kinncok took great credit for this work.

108
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
What did Kinnock tell the party?

A

It had to adapt to the real world or it would be condemned to permanent powerlessness

109
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
What did Kinnock’s 1985 party speech to the SDP?

A

Effectively destroyed the SDP, by presenting himself as a party of reform but determined to avoid extremes

110
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
From 1985 onwards what did Kinnock turn the party leader’s office into?

A

An alternative party organisation. With the help of Charles Clarke and Peter Mandelson there was a new emphasis on packaging and presentation. Party officials were smartened up, Labour became much more media friendly and there was a new emphasis on glamour and glitz.

111
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
What did 1985 see in terms of party policy?

A

There was a shift, making the party seem more credible and this meant a shift to the right.

112
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
In spite of a good campaign, what happened to Labour?

A

They lost the election and gained only 20 seats

113
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
What was the general agreement?

A

Labour in its present form was finished and shifts in social class patterns had made the party unelectable

114
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
What did Margaret Becket stress?

A

Socialism would only be introduced by the redistribution of resources of capitalsim

115
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
What was to be created?

A

A ministry for women and the principle of national minimum wage was agreed

116
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
Who was French president of the European comission?

A

Jaques Declors

117
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
What speech did Delor give to the TUC?

A

Stressed the benefits of EC membership for workers

118
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
What did Mandelson say about Kinnock?

A

Not electable to party but indespensable to rebuilding the party

119
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
What happened in 1987?

A

Red rose campaign

120
Q

IMPACTS OF THE 1983 ELECTION FOR LABOUR
What did Mandelson describe the 1987 election as?

A

‘Election that saved the party… reinstated as main opposition’

121
Q

SOCIETY SALE OF COUNCIL HOUSES
What was Thatcher’s ideal?

A

A property owning democracy

122
Q

SOCIETY SALE OF COUNCIL HOUSES
What discount did council house renters recieve?

A

33 - 50% depending on how long they had lived in the house

123
Q

SOCIETY SALE OF COUNCIL HOUSES
What were councils ordered to do with profits?

A

Use them to reduce debt rather than build new council houses. Renting lists therefore increased and families were being housed in unsuitable accomodation

124
Q

SOCIETY THE POLL TAX
What was the aim of the poll tax?

A

To make local councils more accountable to their electors by ensuring everyone contributed. Previously, local taxation was based on property. Thatcher believed this system would be fairer.

125
Q

SOCIETY THE POLL TAX
What did ministers find difficult to justify?

A

Why a poor pensioner should pay the same as a millionaire

126
Q

SOCIETY THE POLL TAX
When was the tax introduced in Scotland?

A

1989, harmed the conservative party reputation which had already been damaged

127
Q

SOCIETY THE POLL TAX
Despite the unpopularity, what happened?

A

Introduced in England and Wales the following year

128
Q

SOCIETY THE POLL TAX
How did Thatcher’s unwillingness to change course make her seem?

A

Aloof, with a failure to connect with ordinary people

129
Q

SOCIETY THE POLL TAX
What was set up the country and what did they urge?

A

Anti Poll Tax Unions which urged people not to pay.

130
Q

SOCIETY THE POLL TAX
In some areas how many people were non payers?

A

Up to 30%. The police, courts, and councils were unable to force payments

131
Q

SOCIETY THE POLL TAX
What happened in March 1990?

A

There was an anti poll tax demonstration in trafalgar square which more than 200,000 people attended

132
Q

SOCIETY THE POLL TAX
By the evening, what did the demonstration turn into?

A

A riot, nearly 5000 people were injured, cars were overturned and set on fire. Many shop windows were smashed and extensively looted.

133
Q

SOCIETY THE POLL TAX
How many arrests were made?

A

300, made the police seem to have lost control and there was criticism of politicization of the police

134
Q

EXTRA PARLIAMENTARY OPPOSITION
What did Oxford uni do?

A

Vote against Thatcher having an honorary degree, an honour given to every other oxford educated post war PM.

135
Q

EXTRA PARLIAMENTARY OPPOSITION
Why did Oxford not give her an honorary degree?

A

Cuts to higher education expenditure

136
Q

EDUCATION AND THE ARTS
Which playwrites wrote plays that satirised thatcher?

A

Churchill and hare

137
Q

EDUCATION AND THE ARTS
What was red wedge?

A

a musical collective including Billy bragg, Paul weller and madness who campaigned against thatcher in the late 1980s

138
Q

EDUCATION AND THE ARTS
Which alternative comedians joined in opposition against thatcher?

A

Alexei sayle and ben Elton

139
Q

EDUCATION AND THE ARTS
Give a TV show that showed the consequences of thatcherism on society

A

Boys from blackstuff

140
Q

THE CHURCH
What report did the church publish 1985?

A

Faith in the city, called gov to do more to help deprived communities

141
Q

THE CHURCH
Which bishops were outspoken against thatcher?

A

David Jenkins (durham) and David Shephard (liverpool)

142
Q

PRESSURE GROUPS
What were there many?

A

Protect movements which worked outside the traditional framework of parliamentary politics, some of which tried to involve people in direct action

143
Q

PRESSURE GROUPS
What did shelter campaign against?

A

Increasing homelessness

144
Q

PRESSURE GROUPS
What did age concern campaign against?

A

Pensioner poverty

145
Q

PACIFICISM AND FEMINISM
In 1979 what decision was taken?

A

The stationing of american cruise missiles at bases in britain

146
Q

PACIFICISM AND FEMINISM
In reaction what did the CND order?

A

Protest marches reminiscent of the Aldermaston marches 20 years earlier

147
Q

PACIFICISM AND FEMINISM
In sep 1981 where did a group of women protestors set up camp?

A

outside the Greetham common base, where 5he cruise missiles were to be based

148
Q

PACIFICISM AND FEMINISM
What did Greenham common base become?

A

A focal point for feminism as well as pacifism, it remained in place for 19 years

149
Q

PACIFICISM AND FEMINISM
In April 1983 when the missiles were due to arrive what happened?

A

70-000 protestors formed a 14 mile human chain stretching from Greenham to Aldermaston

150
Q

PACIFICISM AND FEMINISM
In 1984 what did the Newbury local council do?

A

Evict the women and demolish the site they then came back after dark and rebuilt it. it remained until 2000

151
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM
Describe the bhopal disaster India

A

December 1984 a gas leak at a pesticide factory killed between 3000 to 8000 people. thousands more suffered long term health effects, many disabling

152
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM
Describe chernobyl

A

An explosion at nuclear power plant, chernobyl, Ukraine. released radioactive particles into atmosphere. not very many died but lots developed cancer from radiation cloud

153
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM
What was there was a growing understanding of?

A

long term implications of pollution such as 1985 discovery of the antarctic ozone hole caused by cfcs in the atmosphere, and proof of acid rain

154
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM
What grew in strength?

A

Environmental groups such as Green peace and Friends of the Earth

155
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM
What are CFC’S?

A

chemical compounds which deplete ozones in the upper atmosphere of the earth

156
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM
To combat CFC’s what did the UN do?

A

Montreal protocol 1987 which phased out use of cfcs. By 2009 it had been ratified by all members of UN. considered most successful environmental change ever made by international community

157
Q

THE FALKLANDS
Where do the falkland islands lie?

A

In the south Atlantic about 300 miles off the coast of Argentina. it was long disputed between Britain and Argentina, became English speaking descendant from Britain

158
Q

THE FALKLANDS
In April 1982, what happened?

A

Argentine forces landed on the island and heavily outnumbered the British garrison.

159
Q

THE FALKLANDS
What was the argentine incentive?

A

Put to the British government, at a position where they would be forced to accept the new situation. thatcher in turn formed a war cabinet and consulted with her military leaders

160
Q

THE FALKLANDS
What did thatchers war cabinet advise?

A

A naval task force could be created to retake the islands

161
Q

THE FALKLANDS
What was the British governments issue?

A

Sovereignty, and labour officially supported this cause

162
Q

THE FALKLANDS
When did the task force sail?

A

April, and south Georgia was then taken wout too much difficulty, the Falklands themselves proved to be a greater challenge

163
Q

THE FALKLANDS
What followed the ships?

A

An air campaign, followed by a landing in May. in June the Argentinian forces surrendered

164
Q

THE FALKLANDS
How many casualties were there?

A

250 b 650 a

165
Q

1983 KHAKI ELECTIONS
In the weeks following the South Atlantic crisis what happened?

A

Thatchers approval rates jumped, from being vulnerable to a leadership challenge she became almost beyond criticism

166
Q

1983 KHAKI ELECTIONS
How many points was she ahead of other parties?

A

20

167
Q

SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH THE US
What was Thatcher more of a leaner towards?

A

The US than Europe, her and ronald Reagan held very similar right wing policies

168
Q

SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH THE US
Describe issues with the relationship 1983

A

Grenada, the US responded to political instability by invading, claiming it was falling to pro soviet forces. But, as a member of the commonwealth it had elizabeth ii as the head of state

169
Q

SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH THE US
What did Thatcher do before the invasion?

A

Beg Reagan not to invade, but he did it anyway and did not tell her the invasion had begun

170
Q

SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH THE US
What else annoyed thatcher?

A

Al Haig’s (secretary of state) attempt to negotiate a settlement in the 1982 Falklands crisis. A war between two americab allies, but when Argentina turned down peace talks America passed resolutions to side with britian

171
Q

MOVES TO END THE COLD WAR
What bought thatcher and Reagan together above all else?

A

Cold war - both agreed strong defence was essential, and that USSR was a military threat

172
Q

MOVES TO END THE COLD WAR
When did Gorbachev take the lead?

A

1985

173
Q

MOVES TO END THE COLD WAR
Which Russian words described Gorbachev intentions?

A

Perestrokia and Glasnost

174
Q

MOVES TO END THE COLD WAR
Define perestrokia

A

Restructuring the economic and political way in which the country worked

175
Q

MOVES TO END THE COLD WAR
Define glasnost

A

The soviet government and leaders would be more open about what they are doing

176
Q

MOVES TO END THE COLD WAR
How did Thatcher describe Gorbachev?

A

‘I like mr Gorbachev, we can work together’

177
Q

THATCHER AS AN INTERNATIONAL FIGURE
What happened after the Falklands war?

A

Thatcher became more widely recognised as an international figure, alongside her argumentative presence at European Council meetings

178
Q

THATCHER AS AN INTERNATIONAL FIGURE
Where was thatcher famous?

A

The soviet Union and Middle east

179
Q

THATCHER AS AN INTERNATIONAL FIGURE
When and why did the first gulf War occur?

A

1990 - 91, result of an invasion of Kuwait by Iraq

180
Q

THATCHER AS AN INTERNATIONAL FIGURE
Who was iraqi leader?

A

Sudam Hussin, already conducted war against Iran and poor human rights record

181
Q

THATCHER AS AN INTERNATIONAL FIGURE
Where was thatcher at the time of invasion?

A

The US, meeting George Bush. Thatcher advocated intervention and Bush agreed.

182
Q

ELECTION STATS
Conservative seats 1979

A

339

183
Q

ELECTION STATS
Conservative seats 1983

A

397

184
Q

ELECTION STATS
Conservative seats 1992

A

336

185
Q

ELECTION STATS
Conservative seats 1987

A

376

186
Q

ATTITUDES TOWARDS TRADE UNIONS
Who did Thatcher appoint as minister for employment?

A

James prior, although she regarded him as ‘wet’. He was given responsibility for trade union reform

187
Q

ATTITUDES TOWARDS TRADE UNIONS
Describe the 1980s employment act

A

Widespread public support, outlawed secondary picketing and required a high level of workers agreement for shops to close

188
Q

ATTITUDES TOWARDS TRADE UNIONS
Who was prior replaced by?

A

The uncompromising Norman Tebbit

189
Q

THE WEAKENING OF UNIONS
Describe the 1982 Tebbit act

A

Passed further laws against the closed shops and restricted the scope of industrial action whilst making unions legally liable for infringements. Further legislation went on to require secret ballots for membership and Union officials, for sanctioning the existence if political funds, and for strike action

190
Q

THE WEAKENING OF UNIONS
What did the tebbit act avoid?

A

Heaths error of trying to do too much at once, whilst taking unions down with heavy legislation

191
Q

THE WEAKENING OF UNIONS
What did the rise in unemployment do?

A

Weaken the unions by causing a fall in membership

192
Q

THE WEAKENING OF UNIONS
What did the Thatcher government honour?

A

Existing pay agreements and so avoided a showdown with the NUM in 1981. As a result continous improvement on strike record until 1984

193
Q

GCHQ
What happened on the 25th of January 1984?

A

Ban on trade union membership was imposed on GCHQ employees. Each would be given 1000 in return

194
Q

GCHQ
What did Thatcher say it was in the interest of?

A

National security, but it led to a political row and mass protests. 14 workers sacked for refusing to give up membership

195
Q

CONFRONTATION W THE MINERS
What had energy minister Peter Walker done?

A

Taken steps in preparation of a conflict with the minera and ensured coal supplies should be at a high level during the strike

196
Q

CONFRONTATION W THE MINERS
What did the new laws on secondary picketing do?

A

Reduce efficiency of the tactics which miners had used in the last two coal strikes

197
Q

CONFRONTATION W THE MINERS
Who became president of the NUM?

A

Extreme left winger Arthur Scargill. He confronted new chairman of the NCB Ian Mcgregor who had been told to cut back excess capacity of the coal industry

198
Q

BACKGROUND
In 1981 what did the NCB announce?

A

23 pits needed to close

199
Q

BACKGROUND
What did the NCB announce March 1984?

A

20 more pits needed to close

200
Q

BACKGROUND
What did NUM leader Arthur Scargill correctly believe?

A

The plan was to close another 70 pits, miners went on strike to avoid this

201
Q

BACKGROUND
What did Scargill not do which weakened his position?

A

Call a national ballot, therefore not gaining full support over the nation

202
Q

BACKGROUND
What did Scargill fail to break?

A

Regional divisions amongst the miners

203
Q

THE MINERS STRIKE
What did the nottinghamshire miners do?

A

Form a breakaway union, the UDM. This caused bitter splits between scargillites and the UDM

204
Q

THATCHER’S INITIAL VIEWS ABOUT THE EEC
Why was Thatcher initially cautious about Europe?

A

Hated the way business was done, saw it as a boys gang she was never going to be truly part of

205
Q

THATCHER’S INITIAL VIEWS ABOUT THE EEC
What was Thatcher’s relationship to the EEC marked by?

A

Many contradictions

206
Q

THATCHER’S INITIAL VIEWS ABOUT THE EEC
What often caused consernation?

A

Thatcher’s handbag diplomacy, ruffled the consensus politics favoured by european leaders, however also issues they co operated closely on

207
Q

THATCHER’S INITIAL VIEWS ABOUT THE EEC
What was Thatcher’s first priority in Europe?

A

To secure a better deal for Britain over financial contributions to the EEC, not getting as much as it was putting in

208
Q

THATCHER’S INITIAL VIEWS ABOUT THE EEC
What did Thatcher establish?

A

A good working relationship with the French president francois mitterrand. They cooperated closely over the channel tunnel project which was agreed in 1986

209
Q

THATCHER’S INITIAL VIEWS ABOUT THE EEC
What did Thatcher negotiate 1986?

A

Single European Act, changed assembly into a european parliament and mentioned possibility of future monetary union

210
Q

THATCHER’S INITIAL VIEWS ABOUT THE EEC
What did the European court become?

A

An important arbiter in disputes between members. In 1987 clear cons still broadly pro europe

211
Q

BRITISH BUDGETARY QUESTION 1981 - 84
Who were pro european in thatchers cabinet?

A

Lord Carrington, Francis Pym, Ian Gilmour

212
Q

BRITISH BUDGETARY QUESTION 1981 - 84
What was Thatcher most influenced by?

A

Treasury than the foreign office

213
Q

BRITISH BUDGETARY QUESTION 1981 - 84
What was Thatcher advised?

A

EEC membership was costing 1 billion a year, mainly bc GB recieved so little from common agricultural policy. Raised the issue and famously declared ‘i cannot play sister bountiful to the community’

214
Q

BRITISH BUDGETARY QUESTION 1981 - 84
Over the course of the three years, what did thatcher negotiate?

A

A rebate, and by doing so made herself unpopular w european leades

215
Q

BRITISH BUDGETARY QUESTION 1981 - 84
What did Thatcher famously comment?

A

“I want my money back” “We saved all their necks in the war”

216
Q

BRITISH BUDGETARY QUESTION 1981 - 84
During one meeting for negotiations, what famously happened?

A

The French president would read his newspaper whenever thatcher spoke, the german chancellor yawned and the chauffers of leaders would rev the engines

217
Q

BRITISH BUDGETARY QUESTION 1981 - 84
At a summit in Fontainbleau 1984, what rebate did thatcher succeed in?

A

£700 million rebate (66%)

218
Q

THE SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT
Despite her fighting words, what was Thatcher’s greatest paradox?

A

She precided over the process which drew britain even closer into Europe - the 1986 european act

219
Q

THE SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT
What were the main terms of the act?

A
  • Signatory countries committed themselves to closer money and political union
  • Supranationality was established
  • Right of individual member states to veto was abolished
220
Q

THE SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT
What did Thatcher view the act as?

A

Leading to a free market, rather than a united country. Saw as a potential for growth

221
Q

THE BRUGES SPEECH 1988
What was thatcher becoming increasingly worried about?

A

What Europe was doing, concerned about the context of the end of the cold war and the possibilities of soviet union breakup

222
Q

THE BRUGES SPEECH 1988
Why was thatcher anti german?

A

Opposed reunification, and worried about a future strong germany

223
Q

THE BRUGES SPEECH 1988
What did thatcher hate?

A

Jacques Delors, president of the european commission since 1985

224
Q

THE BRUGES SPEECH 1988
What was the bruges speech?

A

A rallying cry to those concerned about a centralised, federal Europe. Greeted w amazement across europe. Geoffrey Howe was dismayed

225
Q

THE ERM, MADRID, AND MINISTERIAL RELATIONS
By 1989, what was happening?

A

Inflation was rising rapidly, and here was a massive trade deficit. Partly due to Lawson’s giveaway budet in 1988

226
Q

THE ERM, MADRID, AND MINISTERIAL RELATIONS
What were Howe and Lawson convinced about?

A

It was time for britain to join the ERM - a system where currencies in europe were fixed in order to maintain currency stability

227
Q

THE ERM, MADRID, AND MINISTERIAL RELATIONS
What did thatcher begin to do?

A

Seek the advice of others, splitting away from her two key ministers. Especially spoke to professor Alan Walters, the special economics adviser.

228
Q

1989 - 1990
What did Lawson do?

A

Secretly track the deutschmark

229
Q

1989 - 1990
What did Howe and Lawson do?

A

Put increasing pressure on thatcher to set out a timetable to join the ERM, she resisted

230
Q

1989 - 1990
What happened at the madrid summit?

A

Howe and Lawson went to thatchers hotel room and threatened to resign if she would not join, she said she would when appropriate but then found out lawson was tracking the deutschmark behind her back

231
Q

1989 - 1990
What was howe demoted to?

A

Deputy PM, Lawson resigned and became backbencher

232
Q

1989 - 1990
What did thatcher go to?

A

A top level european meeting in rome. declared britain would never join the single currency “no, no, no” speech

233
Q

1989 - 1990
What did Howe do in response?

A

Resign 1990, speech proved devistating to thatcher

234
Q

THATCHER’S FALL FROM POWER
What did Howe’s resignation act as?

A

A catalyst, it galvanised michael heseltine who had been a longstanding thatcher critic to challenge a leadership election

235
Q

THATCHER’S FALL FROM POWER
What did cecil parkinson do?

A

Affair w HofC secretary Sara Keays, dumped her when she was pregnant in 1983

236
Q

THATCHER’S FALL FROM POWER
Where was a seat lost and what did it show to the conservatives?

A

Ultra safe seat of eastbourne to liberals, alarming, fear of losing next election

237
Q

THATCHER’S FALL FROM POWER
Describe vote count first ballot

A

Thatcher: 204, Heseltine: 152, under conservative party rule this was not sufficient

238
Q

THATCHER’S FALL FROM POWER
Did thatcher continue to second ballot?

A

No - convinced not to after meeting with her cabinet minsiters

239
Q

THATCHER’S FALL FROM POWER
What did thatcher dropping out of second ballot do?

A

Encourage douglas hurd and john major to enter the race

240
Q

THATCHER’S FALL FROM POWER
In 1987 what happened to the stock market?

A

Crashed in liverpool following the big bang after deregulation of the city in 1986

241
Q

THATCHER’S FALL FROM POWER
What did the lawson boom lead to?

A

Balance of payments problem, and inflation had risen to 10.9%

242
Q

THATCHER’S LEGACY
Chief features of thatcherism?

A
  • Social accountability
  • No consensus
  • Free market
  • Limited union power
  • Reduced power of state
243
Q

THATCHER’S LEGACY
What were some thatcher paradox’s?

A

Taxes and government spending actually went up, more gov departments and civil servants, took britain deeper into europe legislatively

244
Q

THATCHER’S LEGACY
How was thatcher viewed by the feminist movement?

A

A woman but not a sister

245
Q

THATCHER’S LEGACY
Did thatcher promote women in politics?

A

No, only one women in her cabinet Linda Chalkner, minister for overseas development

246
Q

THATCHER’S LEGACY
As a loan woman, what has it been suggested thatcher wanted to exploit?

A

Her feminity, and she made no structural changes to advance women in society

247
Q

THATCHER’S LEGACY
What did Thatcher successfully storm?

A

The fortress of male domination

248
Q

THATCHER’S LEGACY
What was thatcher in her social attitude?

A

Victorian liberal than modern conservative, rights of individual and family should take precedence over social good

249
Q

THATCHER’S LEGACY
What did thatcher often express admiration for?

A

Victorian virtues

250
Q

THATCHER’S LEGACY
What did thatcher remark in a 1987 interview?

A

There is no such thing as society, critics said this showed a lack of compassion and her wish to encourage unbridled individualisation

251
Q

THATCHER’S LEGACY
Thatcher quote about welfare benefits and families

A

“Welfare benefits distributed w little or no consideration facilitated the breakdown of families and replaced incentive with idleness and cheating”

252
Q

THATCHER’S LEGACY
Why were government benefits so high?

A

Unemployment

253
Q

THATCHER’S LEGACY
Give three examples of principle benefits

A

Housing benefit, child benefits (weekly allowance for each child, £6 billion a year), faminly income supplement

254
Q

THATCHER’S LEGACY
How much had government spending risen by in real terms?

A

60%

255
Q

THATCHER’S LEGACY
How much money was spent on NHS?

A

£29.9 BILLION

256
Q

THATCHER’S LEGACY
How much money was spent on unemployment?

A

£3.7 billion

257
Q

THATCHER’S LEGACY
Was Thatcher a new type of tory leader?

A

Some tories would consider her to be more liberal in her support for the free market. She was passionate about what she believed, and moved away from the hunting shooting type tories to estate agents than estate owners

Britain (6 decks)

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