1951 - 1964 Flashcards
1
Q
CONSERVATIVES IN OFFICE
Churchill government dates
A
1951 - 1955
2
Q
CONSERVATIVES IN OFFICE
Eden government dates
A
1955 - 1957
3
Q
CONSERVATIVES IN OFFICE
Macmillan government dates
A
1957 - 1963
4
Q
CONSERVATIVES IN OFFICE
Douglas-Home government dates
A
1963 - 1964
5
Q
THE 1951 ELECTION: conservative strengths
What were Conservatives able to do following their post war defeat?
A
Make significant improvements to their party from 1945 - 1951
6
Q
THE 1951 ELECTION: conservative strengths
Who was key to the remodelling of Conservative policies?
A
Rab Butler, informed the public that the tories would not reverse the reforms introduced by Labour
7
Q
THE 1951 ELECTION: conservative strengths
What was the Conservative election campaign heavily based on?
A
That there would be a period of consolidation after years of innovation
8
Q
THE 1951 ELECTION: conservative strengths
Why were young new members recruited?
A
To contrast Labour’s aged cabinet
9
Q
THE 1951 ELECTION: conservative strengths
What did the Conservatives promise to do?
A
Put an end to rationing and build more houses
10
Q
THE 1951 ELECTION: Labour’s weaknesses
What was Charmley’s argument?
A
Labour was ‘exhausted in mind, body and manifesto commitments’. Many of Labour’s integral cabinet ministers had been in office since 1940, and a decade later were straining under the torment of post war crisises that plagued Britain
11
Q
THE 1951 ELECTION: Labour’s weaknesses
What did Labour lack?
A
New policy ideas
12
Q
THE 1951 ELECTION: Labour’s weaknesses
Describe some of the financial consequences of entering the Korean War
A
Bevin quit in rage over the threat of prescription prices, meaning the party appeared divided
13
Q
THE 1951 ELECTION
How many votes and seats did the Conservatives win?
A
13,717,538
321 seats
14
Q
THE 1951 ELECTION
How many votes and seats did Labour win?
A
13,948,605 votes
295 seats
15
Q
CHURCHILL AS PM
At what age was Churchill when he became PM for the second time?
A
77
16
Q
CHURCHILL AS PM
If Churchill seemed to represent the past then what did the young Queen Elizabeth seem to represent?
A
The future
17
Q
CHURCHILL AS PM
What was there much talk of?
A
A new Elizabethan age
18
Q
CHURCHILL AS PM
What was Churchill’s government?
A
Very much his own creation and in some ways harked back to his own post war coalition
19
Q
CHURCHILL AS PM
What was Churchill’s political outlook after he became PM?
A
Cautious, conciliatory and undogmatic. He had proclaimed in an election address October 1951: ‘what we need is a period of steady stable administration… a period of healing and revival’.
20
Q
CHURCHILL AS PM
What was Churchill’s government a general continuation of?
A
Labour’s welfare state
21
Q
CHURCHILL AS PM
What did Churchill make clear?
A
There would be no attempt to repeat the 1946 trading act
22
Q
CHURCHILL AS PM
What were the years 1951 - 1955 a time of for industry?
A
Industrial peace
23
Q
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
What had most of the Conservatives accepted?
A
Many of the reforms of the previous Labour government
24
Q
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
What did the war years make clear?
A
People wanted the welfare state to continue
25
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| Define post war consensus
A great deal of agreement between all of the major political parties: belief in the mixed economy, support for the NHS and welfare state, a wish to ensure full employment, working w both trade unions and employers
26
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| What did the Churchill government manifesto commit to in terms of housing?
They committed to building 300,000 houses a year, overseen by Macmillan
27
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| Describe the three different sections of education
Grammar school: for the intellectually gifted
Technical school: concentrate on more practical nd vocational skills
Secondary modern: would give basic education to the majority
28
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| How was it decided which school students would go to?
The 11+ test
29
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| When was the Clean Air Act passed?
1956
30
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| What did the housing and factory acts aimed to improve?
Living and working conditions
31
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| Describe the dates in which rationing was ended
1952: many items stopped being rationed
1953: the end of sugar rationing
1954: the end of meat rationing
32
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| Describe the detonation of the first atomic bomb
Operation hurricane, Britain became third nuclear power after the US and USSR
33
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| When was accession and what did it mean for the country?
2nd of June 1953, a new Elizabethan age, a sense of dynamic modernity without relinquishing reverence for the past
34
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| Who was Churchill's chancellor?
Butler
35
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| Who did Butler hold similar views to and what did this show?
Labour MP Hugh Gaitskell (Butskellism), showed a growing consensus between the two parties
36
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| Did Harold Macmillan succeed with building houses?
Yes in 1953, a year ahead of schedule
37
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| Define a mixed economy
An economic system combining private and state enterprise
38
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| Give examples of nationalised enterprise
NHS, bus services, railways
39
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| What was the only company to be denationalised?
Steel
40
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| What were the agreed upon five giants in the Beveridge report?
Want, disease, ignorance, squalor, idleness
41
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| When did the Korean War end?
July 27th 1953
42
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| What was the impact of the end of the Korean War?
A reduction in defence spending resultantly benefiting the economy
43
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| What was so significant about the coronation in terms of TV?
It was the first great state occasion televised
44
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| What did the coronation generate?
An abundance of patriotic images
45
CHURCHILL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC POLICIES
| When did ITV open?
1957
46
THE 1955 GENERAL ELECTION
| Did the Conservatives gain seats?
Yes
47
THE 1955 GENERAL ELECTION
| Why was it astonishing that the Conservatives gained seats?
They were the first party to do so in 90 years
48
THE 1955 GENERAL ELECTION
| What was unemployment in 1955?
1%
49
THE 1955 GENERAL ELECTION
| How much did the Conservatives knock off income tax?
Sixpence
50
THE 1955 GENERAL ELECTION
| Why was there an upbeat national mood?
- Coronation
- 4 minute mile
- Ashes
51
THE 1955 GENERAL ELECTION
| What had the government enjoyed?
4 years of quiet, public success
52
ANTHONY EDEN
| What was Eden's previous role?
Foreign secretary, anti appeasement
53
MACMILLAN
| Was Macmillan more left or right?
Left
54
MACMILLAN
| Who was he MP for and why was it significant?
Stockton on Tees - saw first hand the widespread distress and unemployment of the 'great slump'
55
THE PROFUMO AFFAIR
| Where was Profumo introduced to Christine Keeler?
At a party at the country estate of Lord Astor
56
THE PROFUMO AFFAIR
| Who introduced Profumo to Keeler?
Dr Stephen Ward, an osteopath, with connections to the aristocracy and underworld
57
THE PROFUMO AFFAIR
| Who was Keeler's lover?
Russian military attaché Eugene Ivanof
58
THE PROFUMO AFFAIR
| What did Profumo do when asked about it?
Lie to parliament, then resigned 10 weeks later when evidence became to large
59
THE PROFUMO AFFAIR
| Why did Ward kill himself?
He was being trialled for his involvement in the scandal
60
VASSAL INQUIRY
| Who was Vassal?
A homosexual Soviety spy linked with some junior ministers
61
VASSAL INQUIRY
| What did the government do?
Appoint an investigator, found he was spying for the Soviets. Rumours senior administration trying to protect him.
62
VASSAL INQUIRY
| What did this inquiry suggest?
The government wasn't in control of it's own departments
63
KIM PHILBY
| Who was Philby?
A senior official in the foreign office who had been passing information to the Soviets
64
KIM PHILBY
| Where did he flee to?
Moscow
65
KIM PHILBY
| What did this case show?
The government were failing to spot traitors in the heart of the establishment
66
ARGYLL DIVORCE CASE
| Why did the Duke of Argyll want to divorce his wife?
On grounds of adultery - polaroid's showing she was sleeping with cabinet ministers
67
ARGYLL DIVORCE CASE
| What did the Duchess become known as?
The dirty duchess
68
ARGYLL DIVORCE CASE
| What was never mentioned during the case?
Details of the Duke's infidelity
69
CONSERVATIVE SCANDALS
| What did the scandals show about Macmillan?
He was losing political grip, ridiculous
70
CONSERVATIVE SCANDALS
| Where were the scandals published?
Times, not just in the tabloids
71
THE BIG FREEZE
| When was the big freeze?
62 - 63, 10 weeks
72
THE BIG FREEZE
| What did the big freeze cause?
Loss of power and heating
73
THE DECLINE OF THE BE
| By 1951 had empire retreat already begun?
Yes
74
THE DECLINE OF THE BE
| What became harder to contain?
Pressure of colonial movements, despite British leaders believing they could manage a gradual transition from empire to a new commonwealth
75
THE DECLINE OF THE BE
| What was the Mau Mau rebellion?
A revolt in Kenya
76
THE DECLINE OF THE BE
| What did revelations of brutal captive treatment do?
Damage Britain's reputation
77
THE DECLINE OF THE BE
| Before 1960, what was Britain's imperialist aim?
Defeat nationalist revolts and maintain African colonies
78
THE DECLINE OF THE BE
| When and where was Macmillan's winds of change speech?
3rd of February 1960, Cape Town
79
THE DECLINE OF THE BE
| What did the winds of change speech highlight?
A significant change in policy calling for decolonization and a recognition of independence movements
80
THE DECLINE OF THE BE
| Was there domestic opposition to the loss of empire?
No
81
THE DECLINE OF THE BE
| How many colonies were lost between January 1957 to October 1964?
20
82
THE DECLINE OF THE BE
| Was the process of decolonization carried out well?
Yes, in comparison to other European powers
83
THE DECLINE OF THE BE
| When was Cyprus granted independence?
1960
84
THE DECLINE OF THE BE
| When was Ghana granted independence?
1957
85
THE DECLINE OF THE BE
| When was Jamaica granted independence?
1962
86
THE DECLINE OF THE BE
| When was Kenya granted independence?
1963
87
THE DECLINE OF THE BE
| How many voluntary states did the commonwealth have?
54
88
THE DECLINE OF THE BE
| When did India gain independence?
1947
89
THE DECLINE OF THE BE
| Between 1945 - 65, what did the amount of people living under British rule fall to?
700 million to 5 million
90
BRITAIN AND EUROPE
| What was there in Europe after WW2?
Significant movement towards mutual co-operation
91
BRITAIN AND EUROPE
| What were European powers suspicious of?
Britain's special relationship with America
92
BRITAIN AND EUROPE
| What were the conferences and treaties which set up the EEC?
International conference, Messina 1955
| Treaty of Rome, 1957
93
BRITAIN AND EUROPE
| What countries initially made up the EEC?
France, Germany, Belgium, Luxemburg, Italy, and the Netherlands
94
BRITAIN AND EUROPE
| Who were the main countries in the EEC?
Germany and France
95
BRITAIN AND EUROPE
| What did Germany want to improve?
It's tarnished reputation and prove it had wholly thrown off Nazism
96
BRITAIN AND EUROPE
| Why did other countries join in regards to Germany?
To gain economic benefits, 'guilt ridden neighbour'
97
BRITAIN AND EUROPE
| Why did Britain not join the EEC?
- Fatally undermine standing as an independent sovereign state
- Didn't want to jeopardize special relationship with America
- Germany and France lost the war whereas Britain was a winner
98
BRITAIN AND EUROPE
| When did Britain submit an application?
1961
99
BRITAIN AND EUROPE
| Why did Britain submit an application?
- To boost industrial production for the large scale export market
- Increase industrial efficiency
- Stimulate economic growth with the rapid expansion already seen in the EEC
- USA wanted to improve it's own relationship with Europe
100
BRITAIN AND EUROPE
| Why did the French veto the application?
They feared they would lose influence if Britain joined
101
BRITAIN AND EUROPE
| What did the fear of the Soviet Union spur?
A negative foil for which Western consolidation could take place
102
BRITAIN AND EUROPE
| What did the left think about the EEC?
It was a capitalist club
103
BRITAIN AND EUROPE
| What did the right want?
Closer commonwealth ties
104
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| What was Eden's trait which led to his political downfall?
He was anti appeasement
105
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| When was the Suez canal opened in Egypt?
1869
106
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| Why was the Suez canal important to Britain?
It provided a shorter route to it's empire and a shorter sea route to the oilfields of the middle east
107
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| By 1950, what percentage of Western oil passed through the canal?
80%
108
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| What was Britain heavily involved in?
Controlling the canal, and also defending it during both world wars
109
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| What was Egypt to Britain?
A British protectorate but was increasingly becoming an independent nation
110
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| Since 1952, who was Egypt's president?
Colonel Nasser
111
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| Why did Nasser fall out with Western leaders?
He approached the soviet bloc for financial aid, so Western leaders withdrew their loans
112
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| What did Nasser do in response to Western leaders withdrawing loans?
In 1956 he announced he was going to nationalize the Suez canal as a way of raising funds
113
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| Why were the British furious with Nasser's plan?
Losing control of the canal was a deadly blow to Britain's economic and strategic position. The imperialist policies of Nasser were seen as threatening Western interests.
114
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| What was Eden convinced about Nasser?
He was another fascist dictator, such as the ones he had to deal with in the 1930s
115
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| What did Eden create?
A Canal Users Association, France, Britain and America
116
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| What happened when Britain pushed manners to the UN?
Proved fruitless because the Soviets used their veto
117
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| Who supported Eden with his outrage at Nasser's actions?
French: resentful about Arab nationalists in French Algeria
Israel: Egypt had become a major base for terrorist attacks on them
118
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| Who did Eden hope would also support him?
The Americans, led by President Eisenhower
119
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| When did Eden orchestrate his plan with France and Israel?
October 1956 - Israel would invade Egypt, Britain and France would step in as mediators and then take back the canal
120
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| Who did Eden hide the plans from?
Parliament and the Americans
121
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| Who did Eden hide the plans from?
Parliament and the Americans
122
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| When did the Israelis attack, and was the plan militarily successful?
29th of October, and it was
123
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| What followed Eden's actions?
A storm of political protest in Britain, a UN emergency debate, and fury from president Eisenhower
124
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| What did the US do in response to Eden?
Heavy financial pressure, Eden and Eisenhower had an argument over the phone
125
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| What did the Soviets threaten?
Rocket strikes
126
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| What were the economic effects of the Suez crisis?
Had to apply for a UN loan, which the Americans refused to back unless they withdrew.
127
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| When did the British withdraw?
On the 6th of November 1956
128
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| What did Suez highlight about post war Britain?
They could no longer act independently
129
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| What was Eden haunted by?
The shame of Munich
130
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| What became increasingly difficult after Suez?
Balancing the imperatives of domestic and foreign policy
131
THE SUEZ CRISIS
| What was Macmillan?
The revival of American confidence after Suez
132
DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE USA AND USSR
| Who did Macmillan form close relationships with?
Eisenhower and Kennedy
133
DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE USA AND USSR
| When was the Berlin airlift?
1948 - 1949
134
DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE USA AND USSR
| Describe the Korean War
Cold war tensions led to the outbreak of hostilities in Korea, the Communist North invaded the South. UN sent out forces, Britain the largest military provider after the US.
135
DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE USA AND USSR
| When was the first atomic bomb test in Britain?
1952
136
DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE USA AND USSR
| When was the first hydrogen bomb tested?
1957
137
DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE USA AND USSR
| When was the CND formed?
1958
138
DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE USA AND USSR
| When did the Labour party hold a conference in support of nuclear disarment?
1960
139
DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE USA AND USSR
| When did Britain abandon the independent Blue Streak missile?
1960
140
DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE USA AND USSR
| What missile did Britain become dependant on?
The US polari missile
141
THE POST WAR BOOM
| How much had exports increased by 1951?
29%
142
THE POST WAR BOOM
| What was there a rise in?
Real wages
143
THE POST WAR BOOM
| What did end of rationing mean?
An increase in trade
144
THE POST WAR BOOM
| When was full employment achieved?
1955
145
THE POST WAR BOOM
| What did full employment lead to?
An increase in real wages and a tax cut, causing consumerism
146
THE POST WAR BOOM
| What did Churchill try to rebuild Britain as, but what hampered it?
As a modern, competitive, industrial economy but hampered themselves in the running of a welfare state and maintaining an expensive military defence programme
147
ECONOMY
| How much money did Britain receive in Marshall aid?
$2.7 billion
148
ECONOMY
| What did the Suez crisis highlight?
How Britain didn't have the money to act independently anymore. Relied more on America as financial weaknesses were exposed.
149
ECONOMY
| What policy did the conservatives adopt?
The stop-go policy
150
ECONOMY
| What was a positive of stop go economics?
The economy never hit extreme highs or extreme lows, maintained steady rates of employment
151
ECONOMY
| What are some negatives of stop-go policies?
Budget politics which hinder the economic cycle
The stop go policy meant Britain was stuck in a post war consensus, meaning there was no move to modernise Britain's economy.
152
'SUPERMAC' AND THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY
| Describe 1951 - 1959
The highpoint of the decades affluence
153
'SUPERMAC' AND THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY
| When did Macmillan deliver the 'never had it so good speech', and what did it mean?
1957, warning this level is impossible to maintain because of stop go economics
154
'SUPERMAC' AND THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY
| What did the government need to apply for in 1961?
An IMF loan to keep down inflation
155
'SUPERMAC' AND THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY
| When was the National Economic Development council set up?
1961
156
'SUPERMAC' AND THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY
| What was NEDDY set up for?
To plan economic growth
157
'SUPERMAC' AND THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY
| What was established in 1962?
A national incomes commission to manage wages and prices
158
'SUPERMAC' AND THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY
| What report cut public expenditure?
The beeching report
159
'SUPERMAC' AND THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY
| What was the deficit in 1964?
£800 million
160
'SUPERMAC' AND THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY
| What did Macmillan's pay pause mean?
He lost favour with the middle class
161
'SUPERMAC' AND THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY
| What did opinion polls about Macmillan show?
A steady decline in his popularity
162
'SUPERMAC' AND THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY
| What happened in the summer of 1957?
The Thorneycroft economic crisis
163
'SUPERMAC' AND THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY
| Define key aspects of the Thorneycroft economic crisis
- Inflation rising
| - A run on the pound
164
'SUPERMAC' AND THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY
| What was the night of long knives?
A major cabinet reshuffle to hide to sacking of Selwyn Lloyd - 'a little local difficulty'
165
RESPONSES TO THE CONSERVATIVES SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POLICY
| Had Britain become more rich?
Yes
166
RESPONSES TO THE CONSERVATIVES SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POLICY
| Did the gap between rich and poor widen?
Yes
167
RESPONSES TO THE CONSERVATIVES SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POLICY
| What quality of life was improving for everyone?
The material
168
RESPONSES TO THE CONSERVATIVES SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POLICY
| What did a great majority of the poor now have?
Access to resources their forbearers couldn't have imagined
169
STOP-GO POLICY
| Who opposed stop go economics?
Cabinet members such as Enoch Powell and Thorneycroft, for monetarianism instead
170
STOP-GO POLICY
| Who opposed stop go economics?
Cabinet members such as Enoch Powell and Thorneycroft, for monetarianism instead
171
THE BRITISH ECONOMY 1951 - 64
| What did the economist Sidney Pollard say?
The stop-go cycle encouraged imports at the cost of exports and created a downward spiral making Britain's continued relative economic decline inevitable
172
THE BRITISH ECONOMY 1951 - 64
| What does the economist Corelli Barnett argue?
Lack of investment in modern equipment and failure to restructure shows a decline
173
THE BRITISH ECONOMY 1951 - 64
| What did Michael Surrey argue about stop-go economics?
It created a stable framework of full employment, a stable exchange rate and economic growth
174
THE BRITISH ECONOMY 1951 - 64
| Between 51 and 73 what did the British economy grow at per annum?
2.8%, higher than the interwar period
175
THE BRITISH ECONOMY 1951 - 64
| What was the average rate of inflation?
3.8%
176
THE BRITISH ECONOMY 1951 - 64
| What did infant mortality decrease by?
A half
177
THE BRITISH ECONOMY 1951 - 64
| What did life expectancy rise by in men?
66.4 - 69.2
178
THE BRITISH ECONOMY 1951 - 64
| What did life expectancy for women rise to?
71.5 - 75.6
179
THE BRITISH ECONOMY 1951 - 64
| What did average weekly earnings rise from?
£7.83 to £41.52
180
THE BRITISH ECONOMY 1951 - 64
| What did percentage owning washing machines rise to?
7.5% - 66.9%
181
THE BRITISH ECONOMY 1951 - 64
| What did ownership of refrigerators increase to?
3.2% to 68%
182
THE BRITISH ECONOMY 1951 - 64
| Which countries had a higher GDP than Britain?
Italy, W.Germany, France
183
THE BRITISH ECONOMY 1951 - 64
184
RISE IN LIVING STANDARDS
| Why did living standards rise?
The post war boom
185
RISE IN LIVING STANDARDS
| What was cleared up and rebuilt?
War slums
186
RISE IN LIVING STANDARDS
| What could ordinary people now afford?
Middle class lifestyles
187
RISE IN LIVING STANDARDS
| What did car ownership increase to?
2.5 million to 3.5 million
188
RISE IN LIVING STANDARDS
| Give an example of a new town built
Harlow in Essex
189
RISE IN LIVING STANDARDS
| What did mens real wages increase to by 1961 from 1951?
£8.35 to £15.35
190
IMPACTS OF AFFLUENCE AND CONSUMERISM
| What was there a surge in?
Ownership of consumer goods, such as cars
191
IMPACTS OF AFFLUENCE AND CONSUMERISM
| Give the name of the holiday camp opened up
Butlins
192
IMPACTS OF AFFLUENCE AND CONSUMERISM
| What percentage watched evening TV?
50%
193
IMPACTS OF AFFLUENCE AND CONSUMERISM
| What was the 50s for social mobility?
A golden age
194
IMPACTS OF AFFLUENCE AND CONSUMERISM
| Describe negatives of social mobility
- Disparity between North and South
| - 1/3 of semi skimmed ur unskilled children had to leave school at a young age to contribute to family income
195
CAR OWNERSHIP
| What was built in 1958?
M1
196
CAR OWNERSHIP
| How many miles of new road were built by 1963?
1200 miles
197
CLASS AND THE ESTABLISHMENT
| Before 1950s what was there for authority?
An ingrained respect for authority, deference
198
CLASS AND THE ESTABLISHMENT
| What did Suez expose?
Blatant government lies
199
CLASS AND THE ESTABLISHMENT
| What did the 'old boys network' do?
Blocked talent outside of the establishment
200
CLASS AND THE ESTABLISHMENT
| Did Britain remain overly hostile?
Yes, but resentment grew
201
DECLINE IN DEFERENCE
| What was Profumo highlighted by?
The press
202
DECLINE IN DEFERENCE
| Give two examples of rise in satire
1961 'private eye'
| 1962 'the week that was'
203
DECLINE IN DEFERENCE
| What was there of public figures?
Satirising and lampooning, such as Macmillan in 'beyond the fringe'
204
SOCIAL ATTITUDES AND TENSIONS
| Was there still division amongst social class?
Yes
205
```
SOCIAL ATTITUDES AND TENSIONS
Did people desire to go back to pre war class ways?
```
Yes
206
THE POSITION OF WOMEN
| What were women mainly?
Housewives
207
THE POSITION OF WOMEN
| Were women financially dependant on their husbands?
Yes, largely
208
THE POSITION OF WOMEN
| What improved the lives of women?
Labour saving devices
209
THE POSITION OF WOMEN
| What percentage of women married by 21?
75%
210
THE POSITION OF WOMEN
| What percentage of women worked?
20%
211
THE POSITION OF WOMEN
| What did the war act as?
A catalyst for social change
212
THE POSITION OF WOMEN
| What were female wages in comparison to men?
1/3 that of men
213
THE POSITION OF WOMEN
| What did women tend to work for?
Pin money
214
THE POSITION OF WOMEN
| Were there any female MPs?
A tiny minority
215
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
| Give an example of racist signs on public spaces
'No irish, no blacks, no dogs'
216
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
| When were the Nottinghill riots?
1958
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RACE AND IMMIGRATION
| What did the Nottinghill riots do?
Bought racial violence to national attention, an issue many politicians wanted to ignore
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RACE AND IMMIGRATION
| How many migrants had arrived from the commonwealth by 1951?
5000
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RACE AND IMMIGRATION
| What did Churchill say?
The PM thinks - 'keep england white'
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RACE AND IMMIGRATION
| What bill did RA Butler introduce in 1961?
The commonwealth immigration bill
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RACE AND IMMIGRATION
| What did the commonwealth immigration bill require?
Immigrants to hold work permits or an employment voucher; ended the open door policy
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RACE AND IMMIGRATION
| How many immigrants were there by 1961?
100,000
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RACE AND IMMIGRATION
| In what institutions was there colour based prejudice?
Church, clubs, bars, accomodation, employment
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YOUTH CULTURE
| What did young people have?
More money to spend
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YOUTH CULTURE
| Were teenagers frowned upon?
Yes
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YOUTH CULTURE
| Describe the 'angry young men'
Coined by the times, novelists and dramatists who gave a voice to the youth
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YOUTH CULTURE
| Why did young people have more free time?
The end of national service 1960
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YOUTH CULTURE
| Give three examples of big musicians
Cliff Richards, Elvis, beginnings of bettlemania
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YOUTH CULTURE
| What were teenagers for Britain's rising crime rates?
An easy scapegoat
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YOUTH CULTURE
| Give three examples of teenage groups
Teddy boys, Rockers, and mods
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COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS
| N. Wales
1954
232
COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS
| S. London
1956
233
COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS
| Wales
1958
234
COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS
| N. London
1959
235
THE NOTTINGHILL RIOTS
| What was Nottinghill home to?
A large number of the windrush generation
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THE NOTTINGHILL RIOTS
| What did the windrush generation hold?
The political validity of a British citizen but with differences in appearance and culture
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THE NOTTINGHILL RIOTS
| How did the Nottinghill riots start?
A dispute between a West Indian man Raymon Morrison and his white Swedish wife Majbritt outside an underground station. A white man defending the woman entered into a scuffle with some of Raymon's friends
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THE NOTTINGHILL RIOTS
| What happened on the 30th of August?
Majbritt was attacked by teddy boys for being w an afro carribean man. 300 teddy boys armed themselves with knives and attacked afro caribbean homes and businesses.
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THE NOTTINGHILL RIOTS
| What was the effects of the Nottinghill riots?
108 men arrested during the riots: 77 white and 36 black
| Tainted Britain's moral reputation
240
KELSO COCHRANE
| What happened to this man?
Murdered by teddy boys in Kensington
241
KELSO COCHRANE
| What did this murder show?
Systematic racism in the police force, in response the Notting Hill carnival set up to celebrate carribean culture
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THE LABOUR REVIVAL
| Who was the Labour leader after Atlee?
Gaitskell - beginning to look more the part as a leader
243
THE LABOUR REVIVAL
| When did Gaitskell die?
January 1963, rumours he was victim to a KGB plot
244
THE LABOUR REVIVAL
| Who succeeded Gaitskell?
Harold Wilson, defeated George Brown and James Callaghan in leadership elections
245
THE LABOUR REVIVAL
| What did Wilson bypass?
Many of the old Labour disagreements such as clause IV and nationalisation, instead harnessing the name of science to his cause
246
THE LABOUR REVIVAL
| What did Wilson make Labour seem like?
A down to earth, modernising party in comparison to the old school tie, grouse shooting Conservatives
247
THE LABOUR REVIVAL
| What did Wilson call for?
A second industrial revolution and for a Ministry of Technology to be set up. Fitted with the national word and there were comparisons with JFK in the USA
248
THE LABOUR REVIVAL
| What was published in 1963?
The Robbins Report
249
THE LABOUR REVIVAL
| What did the Robbins Report strongly urge?
The need to promote scientific studies in British universities. Colleges of Advanced Technology recommended to become universities.
250
LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
| What did Labour carry out under Attlee?
The whole of it's policy
251
LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
| What was widely believed?
Labour would regroup in opposition and the conservatives would reveal their true colours
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LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
| What did growing affluence cause?
A more revisional approach to Labour policies which they would try to implement after 1964
253
LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
| What was Labour regrouping hindered by?
Conservative policies which were adopted from their own manifesto
254
LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
| Why did Conservatives gain some popularity?
For lifting controls on rationing - living standards improved
255
LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
| What was Labour yet to decide?
Exactly what type of party it was
256
LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
| What did the left of the party argue for?
Greater commitment to state control and direction of the economy and society
257
LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
| What were the left chafed by?
Attlees leadership, believing he should've led the party down a more radical path
258
LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
| What represented the left's train of thought, and what did they desire?
Bevantines - large trade unions
259
LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
| What were many of the lefts?
Unilaterists. For some, they didn't want to spend money on nuclear weapons when they could be helping the needy.
260
LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
| What movement became associated with Labour?
The CND movement
261
LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
| As a party leader, what did Gaitskell resist?
Large trade unions and the lefts drive towards unilateralism
262
LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
| What did Gaitskell believe his victory over Bevan in the 1955 leadership election would do?
Give him the authority to steer away from policies which he felt would alienate the party from the electorate
263
LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
| Why was Labour widely believed of winning the 1959 election?
It was the first election held after Suez and the implications of budget politics
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LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
| What did the Conservatives convey for the 1959 election?
They conveyed their government to be responsible for the period of economic recovery through propaganda - 'british people never had it so good' 'don't let labour ruin it'
265
LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
| What did Labour promise during the 1959 election?
Increased state pension - hurried and raised questions about financing
266
LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
| What did Gaitskell declare in 1962?
He publicly declared he was against Britain joining the EEC. Hardly appeared progressive and forward thinking.
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LABOUR IN OPPOSITION
| How many seats did each party gain and lose in the 1959 election?
Labour lost 19, Conservatives won 21
