1970 - 1979 Flashcards
CONSERVATIVE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
What were the aims and objectives summed up on?
The Selsdon manifesto
CONSERVATIVE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
What were the Conservative’s progressive policies?
Reduce the rise in prices, curb unemployment and increase productivity
CONSERVATIVE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Did the Conservatives want to break away from consensus politics?
Yes. This attitude was summed up in the conservative manifesto and referred to as a ‘new type of conservatism’
CONSERVATIVE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
What did the conservatives want to abandon?
The prices and income policy, opting for a hands off approach
CONSERVATIVE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
What would the Heath government not seek to impose?
A wage freeze or intervene with payment settlements. Instead, market forces would be allowed to operate allowing free bargaining between employees and workers
CONSERVATIVE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
What was required to make free bargaining genuine and fair?
Trade unions to not have a headstart: a key reason behind the Industrial Relations Act 1971
THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT
What was the government’s key concern?
The power of trade unions
THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT
When and why was the industrial relations act introduced?
In 1971, to specify what trade unions could and could not do
THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT
Who was employment secretary?
Robert Carr
THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT
What did the act mean?
The government could impose cooling off periods and demand ballots. A distinction was made between official and wildcat strikes.
THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT
Did unions oppose the act?
Yes… bitterly
THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT
What happened in February 1971?
140,000 union members marched through London shouting ‘kill the bill’
THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT
What did the TUC tell it’s members to do?
Deregister and defy the NIRC if action was bought against them
THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT
What did unions exploit?
A loophole in the act by refusing to make agreements unless employers agreed such agreements were not legally binding
MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
What did conservatives come to power claiming?
Inflation was a menace and to reduce it was a priority, yet during their time in governance inflation actually went up
MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
Whenever inflation went up, what happened?
Unions would demand higher wages and to allow this employers would raise good prices - this caused an inflationairy spiral
MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
What was the government itself?
A major employer (nationalization)
MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
Which one of it’s agencies had been gradually decreasing in size as the industry itself shrank?
The National Coal Board
MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
Why was the NCB discontented?
Following years of improving pay miners had fallen back during the 1960s
MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
What did union boss Joe Gormley succeed in 1971?
Gaining a 14% pay rise
MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
What was refused in 1972 and what did this result in?
A further pay rise, leading to the first national coal strike since 1926
MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
Through the use of flying pickets, what did the NUM quickly succeed in?
Creating a fuel crisis, with picket lines that members of other unions refused to cross
MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
What was the power shortage made worse by?
The winter weather, a state of emergency was declared
MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
After 7 weeks of striking what happened?
The miners accepted an improved offer from the NBC
MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
Why was the pay rise undermined?
There was a high rate of inflation.
MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
Why was the gov keen to avoid paying the miners more?
It was attempting to limit rises both public and private
MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
What did the 1973 oil crisis do?
Push up the price of coal
MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
What did the NUM convince their members?
That backed by the state the government could put forward another pay rise
MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
What did the 1974 strike do?
So reduced the availability of power that the gov was forced to introduce a three day working week to avoid running out of fuel
THE THREE DAY WEEK
What did Heath calculate?
The government would be able to survive the strikes for longer than the miners
THE THREE DAY WEEK
In December 1973, what did Heath announce?
From the end of the year ‘most industrial and commercial premises will be limited in the use of electricity to three specified days a week’
THE THREE DAY WEEK
What were restrictive measures introduced similar to?
War time austerity
THE THREE DAY WEEK
What were the results of the three day week?
- Electricity blackouts interfered w industrial production
- Ordinary people going wout electricity
THE THREE DAY WEEK
When the miners dispute was eventually settled what pay rise did the NUM get?
21% - nearly 3x the amount originally offered
THE THREE DAY WEEK
Was the three day week successful for Heath?
No, it marked a major defeat for government
THE THREE DAY WEEK
Embarked by their 21% pay rise, what did the NUM then go on to do?
Strike again in 1974 in pursuit of a further wage demand. This was too much for Heath who instantly called another election.
THE 1974 GENERAL ELECTION
How many seats did the conservatives get?
297
THE 1974 GENERAL ELECTION
How many seats did Labour get?
301
THE 1974 GENERAL ELECTION
Who moved against the conservatives?
Enoch Powell
THE 1974 GENERAL ELECTION
What did Labour make a case for?
Increased central planning
THE 1974 GENERAL ELECTION
Who was the liberal leader?
Jeremy Thorpe
THE 1974 GENERAL ELECTION
What was the liberals campaign?
‘Change the face of britain’
THE 1974 GENERAL ELECTION
What did the election results show?
Movement towards the liberals (14 seats)
LABOUR’S RETURN TO POWER
What type of government was Labour?
A minority government - meaning had to rely on other parties
LABOUR’S RETURN TO POWER
By October 1974, what did Wilson feel safe enough to do?
Call a general election, gained 18 seats
LABOUR’S RETURN TO POWER
What was Labour’s overall majority by October 1974?
3
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 1974 - 76
Why did Wilson act quickly?
Wanted to demonstrate labour better equipped to deal w trade unions than the conservatives
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 1974 - 76
What did Wilson negotiate with the TUC in 1973?
The social contract
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 1974 - 76
Was agreement quickly reached?
Yes - gov didn’t want confrontation, ended 3 day week
THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATIONS
What was Heath’s stance on the EEC?
A convinced europhile
THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATIONS
From 1961, what had heath been?
Macmillan’s negotiatior in attempts to join the EEC
THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATIONS
What did Heath say in the 1970 election?
He would not take Britain into the EEC without ‘full hearted consent’ of parliament and people
THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATIONS
As PM from 1970 what did Heath quickly do?
Reopened negotiations w the EEC
THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATIONS
What happened in 1971?
With no president DeGaulle to veto and no suggestion of sterling devaluation Britain was accepted as a member
THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATION
Was Britain’s acceptance divisive?
Yes - many cons and labour members demanded a membership referendum
THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATIONS
When did Britain officially join the EEC?
The 1st of January 1973
THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATIONS
Had a referendum occured?
No - noting this fact the opposition made sure it’s manifesto promised future renegotiations. Heath’s terms of membership would then be put to the public to decide
THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATIONS
Was Labour’s manifesto move popular?
Yes, ensured there was no party split
THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATIONS
What happened accordingly when Wilson gained power?
He renegotiated (although little was changed) and organised the 1975 referendum act. The question determined by the act was ‘do you think that the UK should remain part of the EEC?’
THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATIONS
Who backed yes?
Labour left, conservative right
THE EEC REFERENDUM
What did trade unions and the Labour left say about the EEC?
‘A capitalist club’
THE EEC REFERENDUM
To improve relations w trade unions what did Wilson pledge?
To renegotiate EEC terms. This was largely a gesture because no major changes were made.
THE EEC REFERENDUM
Once Wilson renegotiated what did he do?
Called an entry referendum in 1975
THE EEC REFERENDUM
How were MP’s told to vote?
Personally not as a party, which caused an interesting cross party divide
THE EEC REFERENDUM
Who were mainly pro-Europe?
Labour leaders, Conservatives and liberals
THE EEC REFERENDUM
Who were mainly pro Europe?
Labour leaders, conservatives and liberals
THE EEC REFERENDUM
Who were mainly against Europe?
Most of Labour
THE EEC REFERENDUM
Which Labour members supported Europe?
Shirley Williams, Roy Jenkins
THE EEC REFERENDUM
Which Labour members did not support Europe?
Tony Benn, Barbara Castle
THE EEC REFERENDUM
What percentage voted yes?
64.5%
THE EEC REFERENDUM
What percentage voted no?
35.5%
THE WINTER OF DISCONTENT
When did the winter of discontent begin?
Autumn 1978
THE WINTER OF DISCONTENT
What initially started the winter of discontent?
The TUC rejected Labour’s proposed wage increase of 5%, causing trade unions to put in higher demands
THE WINTER OF DISCONTENT
What did ford lorry drivers achieve?
A 15% pay rise after a 9 week strike. More unions followed example, such as train drivers. Resultantly, there were mass travel disruptions.
THE WINTER OF DISCONTENT
Where else was there shock and outrage?
From members of the public sector, such as hospital porters, binmen and gravediggers. Rubbish piled up and bodies went unburied.
THE WINTER OF DISCONTENT
Whilst the WOD was happening what was Callaghan being pictured doing?
Swimming in the tropics - hindered his public image
THE WINTER OF DISCONTENT
Was the industrial unrest as bad as the previous miners strikes?
No, but the psychological impact deeply scarred public mood. It stuck with labour long after the end of Callaghan’s premiership in 1979
THE WINTER OF DISCONTENT
When were disputes bought to an end?
March 1979, the average pay increase was 10%
1979 GENERAL ELECTION
At the 1978 Labour party conference what did Callaghan decide to do?
Postpone the general election, which turned out to be a mistake because by spring 1979 the political landscape had been reshaped by the winter of discontent and the economy had deteriorated
1979 GENERAL ELECTION
Describe trade union relationships?
Damaged
1979 GENERAL ELECTION
In march 1979 what did the labour government receive?
A vote of no confidence surrounding the issue of scottish devolution. The government was forced to resign for the first time since a premiership in 1924
1979 GENERAL ELECTION
What happened to images of the winter of discontent?
They circulated the media for months, helping the tories election campaign
1979 GENERAL ELECTION
Despite issues, did the labour vote uphold well?
Yes - only dipping by about 3%
1979 GENERAL ELECTION
What did the tories benefit from?
Sharp fall in support for the liberals and the SNP. The result was by no means a landslide but gave them a comfortable working majority of 43.
THE TROUBLES: CONS
What was Heath’s aim within NI?
‘An acceptable level of violence’
THE TROUBLES: CONS
What was an initial response?
Internment - operation demetrius, 342 suspected IRA members detained wout trial
THE TROUBLES: CONS
What did internment cause?
Riots, violence and more hostility
THE TROUBLES: CONS
What were political institutions?
Designed to exclude the catholics
THE TROUBLES: CONS
How did groups such as NIRCA respond?
Raising the issues of civil rights, there was fear this would infringe upon protestant rights
THE TROUBLES: CONS
What were demonstrations called to protest?
The effective disenfranchisement and socioeconomic disadvantages suffered by Roman Catholics in NI
THE TROUBLES: CONS
What was London Derry?
A contriversial city, mainly protestant unionist
THE TROUBLES: CONS
What did citizens demonstrate in support of?
Civil rights and anti internment, death of civilians led to mistrust of British troups and support for the IRA
THE TROUBLES: CONS
Describe 1968
A planned legal demonstration in London derry, attacked by police which highlighted the discrimination. Did not do to the orange marches.
THE TROUBLES: CONS
When was bloody sunday?
January 1972
THE TROUBLES: CONS
What did the PM of NI ban?
Protests for the year, despite this a demonstration mounted in LD with roughly 12000 people
THE TROUBLES: CONS
On bloody sunday, what did a minority do?
Broke away and threw stones at soldiers, they responded by open firing causing 14 deaths
THE TROUBLES: CONS
What did the gov assert about Bloody Sunday?
The soldiers had responded to gun and bomb attacks, caused anger from catholic mps such as Bernadette Devin who left the house of commons swearing
THE TROUBLES: CONS
What did the PIRA demand?
NI to have political sovereignty, for the british army to be publically withdraw and political prisoners released
THE TROUBLES: CONS
Describe diplock courts
Created which aided internment and made it easier to trial then arrest the convicted
THE TROUBLES: CONS
To nationalists what did diplock courts confirm?
NI was ran by an unaccountable foreign gov which had sent in an army of occupation
THE TROUBLES: CONS
In 1973 what was recognised?
NI presented a political, policing and security threat
THE TROUBLES: CONS
Describe parliaments devolution plan
- Proportional representation to replace stormont parliament catholics had no faith in
- A consutive council of Ireland which would allow all members to meet
THE TROUBLES: CONS
Did both sides agree w the sunningdale agreement?
Yes
THE TROUBLES: CONS
What did sunningdale negotiations lead to?
An executive bringing together of the Unionists, SLDP and alliance party
THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
Although both sides agreed to the Sunningdale agreement, what persisted?
IRA campaigns. The compromises agreed did not limit unionist fears, or nationalist ambitions.
THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
Within days of the agreement being signed, what happened?
- Loyalist paramilitary groups had formed a coalition under the name Ulster Army Council
- The unionists voted against continued participation in the NI assembly
- Loyalist workers called a general strike, leading to a period of rioting
THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
What did the IRA move to attack?
Targets on mainland Britain, setting off bombs in pubs in Birmingham, Guildford and Woolwhich
THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
Describe elections to the NIIC
May 1975, using a purposeful system of proportional rep. Meant neither side could make an agreement
THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
Why was some new optimism created?
1976 development of grassroot peace movements led by two catholic women Mairead Corrigan and Betty Williams
THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
What was the movement in response to?
The killing of three children by a PIRA activist fleeing in a getaway car. Caused demonstrations of peace all over the world
THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
Describe the maze prison
In 1971, republicans arrested during operation demetrius were interned at Long Kesh, in a collection of buildings left over from WW2. By the end of 1975 over 2000 pp were held there wout trial.
THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
Describe special category status
Introduced in 1972, during negotiations for a truce with the PIRA.
THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
What did SCS allow?
Prisoners more free association time, more visits and no uniform
THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
What did Labour do for SCS in 1976?
Left it in place for existing detainees but reversed it for new ones. Prisoners now sent to HMP Maze
THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
What did prisoners do in response to SCS?
Refuse to wear prison clothes, co-operate w general cleanliness or eat food. Meanwhile, the decision was taken by PIRA to treat prison officers and british soldiers, targets for assassination.
ATTITUDES TO THE USSR AND CHINA
What was one of the main reasons Britain and the US continued to work together in the 70s?
Despite disagreements, they both shared the same objective of halting communism
ATTITUDES TO THE USSR AND CHINA
Which were the most powerful communist nations?
USSR and China
ATTITUDES TO THE USSR AND CHINA
What were attitudes to the USSR in the 70s?
A period of detente, after the cuban missile crisis both of the powers tried to ensure measures to avoid direct combat. Still fears however about Eastern European influence/encroachment
ATTITUDES TO THE USSR AND CHINA
What were relations between GB, US and China?
Strained, but this was suddenly changed when meetings were held between Johnson and chinese leader Mao Zedong
ATTITUDES TO THE USSR AND CHINA
In March 1972 what did Heath do?
Given the highest possible order from a chinese governor to a foreigner. In 1979 the Chinese government visited Britain for the first time since the communist revolution.
SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH US
Where was Heath orientated towards?
Europe, less inclined to strengthen the Atlantic Alliance
SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH US
What attempts did Heath reject?
To use Britain as a link to negotiate with Europe
SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH US
Who did Heath personally get on with?
Nixon, more supportive of the vietnam war than wilson had been
SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH US
Why did relations worsen october 1973?
Yom Kippur war, the US wanted to use NATO bases in Europe for an airlift of supplies to Israel. Most E states including Britain refused permission because they feared losing supplies of oil from the Middle East
SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH US
What were Wilson and Callaghan keen on?
Atlantic Alliance.
SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH US
Who did Callaghan form a strong personal relationship with?
Kissinger
SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH US
What did Callaghan negotiate?
The replacement of polaris missiles with trident in 1979. Nevertheless, completely withdrew from east of suez despite US disquiet
DETENTE
When was Helsinki?
1973
DETENTE
What did Helsinki say?
European borders are inviolable and cannot be altered by force, freedom of speech, religion and movement across Europe
DETENTE
What did the Cuban Missile Crisis show?
Even if leaders didn’t want nuclear war they could lose control of events which could lead to devestating consequences
DETENTE
Describe where salt one was and who was there
1972, Helsinki Finland, Nixon and Brezhnev
DETENTE
What did the Anti-ballistic missile treaty state?
ABM’s only allowed at 2 sites w a maximum of 100 missiles.
DETENTE
What did the interimn treaty place restrictions on?
The number of ICBMs and BLBMs each country could have
DETENTE
What agreement was made at salt 2?
A highly complex, technical agreement was made, including restrictions on missile launchers and strategic bombers. Ban of testing of new types of ICBM.
BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
Describe Harold Wilson’s take on Europe
Uncommitted to European membership
Worried about maintaining unity within the Labour party
BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
Describe Edward Heath’s take on Europe
Passionately pro Europe
Saw European co-operation as the key to preventing any repetition of the Nazi regime
BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
Who was Charles de Gaulle replaced by?
Georges Pompidou, a man convinced the EEC needed Britain as much as Britain needed the EEC
BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
What other countries also joined the EEC in 1974?
Ireland and Denmark
BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
What was the biggest issue for Britain?
Gaining parliamentary approval. There were doubters in the conservatives who supported to commonwealth/ britain’s sovereignty
BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
Who was a vociferous EEC critic?
Enoch Powell: very poor relationship with heath after the rivers of blood smith
BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
Describe the Labour parties division about the EEC
Committed pro Europeans such as Roy Jenkins, but Labour left mostly hostile. Wilson himself indifferent and instead wanted to maintain untiy
BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
What did Wilson argue?
The terms negotiated were not good enough, he said there would need to be a renegotiation and a referendum because it was the only way to keep the party together
BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
In the end how many Labour MPs helped the conservatives win the decisive vote in the commons?
- Heath’s persistence and commitment at last brought Britain into Europe
BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
Describe Wilson’s take on the 1974 election
His strategy was to let both sides of his party campaign and not ensure a party line.
BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
Describe the yes campaign
Economic state of the country, supported by businesses. Politicians at head of campaign included most of Labour, Heath and liberal leader jeremy thorpe. Therefore had a bigger impression on public opinion
BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
Describe the no campaign
Wanted to protect british workers and to maintain British independence
INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE
Until the 1970s what had provided the west with oil?
Large, multinational companies
INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE
From the 1960s what did OPEC do?
Begin to establish greater control over their own oil industries. Shown dramatically during the conflict with Israel
INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE
What did Arab members of OPEC do in retaliation to the West’s support of Israel?
Drastically reduce oil supplies, and increase prices from 2 to 35 per barral
INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE
Whilst mainly being targeted at the US, what happened to the oil dependent western states?
Rapid and severe inflation throughout the industrial world. In the decade after 1973 Britain suffered a sever recession
INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE
What did the balance of payments deficit rise to?
£1 billion
INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE
What did the annual inflation rate rise to?
16%
INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE
What did the value of sterling drop to?
$1.57
INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE
What were interest rates raised to?
15%
INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE
What happened to unemployment between 1974 - 76?
It doubled and remained high for rest of decade
BARBER BOOM AND GOVERNMENT U-TURNS
What had the selsdon manifesto complained about?
‘The Labour governments about turns in economic policy’
BARBER BOOM AND GOVERNMENT U-TURNS
What was hypocrytical about the selsdon manifesto complaints?
The government shortly pulled a uturn of their own
BARBER BOOM AND GOVERNMENT U-TURNS
Initially, what did the gov work to implement?
A freemarket agenda
BARBER BOOM AND GOVERNMENT U-TURNS
Why did Heath abandon free market?
Increasing unemployment, didn’t want a repeat of the 1930s. There built up considerable opposition to unemployment rising too high
BARBER BOOM AND GOVERNMENT U-TURNS
What were the 1972 and 1973 budgets a means of?
Executing the U turns
BARBER BOOM AND GOVERNMENT U-TURNS
At the beginning of 1972 what did unemployment rates reach?
A million, double what it had been when the cons came to office.
BARBER BOOM AND GOVERNMENT U-TURNS
What did chancellor Anthony Barber do?
Increased pensions and benefits whilst reducing tax
BARBER BOOM AND GOVERNMENT U-TURNS
What did the keynesian intention of putting £2.5 billion into the economy do?
Halve unemployment by 1974 but increase inflation
BARBER BOOM AND GOVERNMENT U-TURNS
Within 15 months what was Barber forced to move to?
A deflationary budget and to adopt a wages freeze.
BARBER BOOM AND GOVERNMENT U-TURNS
What did wage freezes lead to?
Miners strikes, who resented limits on their freedom. Negotiated better wages and working conditions.
ECONOMIC REFORMS 74 - 76
What was the first major problem?
A surge in inflation due to rush of large wage increases that were deemed necessary to get out of industrial crisis that bought down heath
ECONOMIC REFORMS 74 - 76
In January 1975 what did chancellor Denis Healy do?
Made a speech in Leeds, giving a stern warning of the dangers wage inflation had on unemployment, and that it was vital to control public spending
ECONOMIC REFORMS 74 - 76
In April 1975, what did Healey’s budget impose?
Steep rises in taxation and public spending was cut
ECONOMIC REFORMS 74 - 76
What was set up in 1974?
The national enterprises board under tony benn
ECONOMIC REFORMS 74 - 76
What did the NEB do?
Administer the govs shareholding in private companies. It could also administer financial aid.
ECONOMIC REFORMS 74 - 76
What happened to the NEB in 1975?
It’s effectiveness was being questioned
ECONOMIC REFORMS 74 - 76
What did the govs decision to nationalise failing car manufacturer highlight?
The controversy surrounding saving ‘lame duck’ industries.
ECONOMIC REFORMS 74 - 76
What was becoming apparent?
The social contract was not limiting wage demands. By 1975 a more formal pay restraint policy was introduced
PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
What percentage did women make in the houses of commons 1970?
A mere 3%
PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
Give two prominent female MPs in the Wilson cabinet
Barbara Castle, Jennie Less
PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
What did Kenneth O’morgan draw attention to?
Women only made up 1/3 of the workforce, and were particularly limited in jobs such as politics, law, and the civil service
PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
What were notable influences on 1970s feminism?
Virginia Wolf’s ‘a room of ones own’, Simone De Beauvoir’s ‘le deuxine sexe’ and Germaine Greer’s ‘the female enuch’
PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
What did the female enuch argue?
Women were oppressed by men and this oppression was exercised through the way society was organised and this in turn was internalised by women
PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
Describe the Miss London competition
Much protest against it, felt as if it objectified women
PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
What did Erin Pizzey do?
Founded a refuge for women in West London.
PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
What was Chiswick’s womens aid?
A practical response to the problems faced by women being domestically abused. The criminal justice system was reluctant to be involved with private affairs.
PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
What did the 1968 strike by women sewing machinists lead to?
1970 equal pay act
PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
What did the 1975 sex discrimination act protect?
Men and women against discrimination on grounds of gender and marital status. It affect the worlds of education and work.
PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
What was the purpose of the equal opportunities commission?
Individuals could appeal if they wanted to bring their causes before law courts or Employment Tribunals, in matters affected by both the Equal Pay and Sex Discrimination Acts
PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
What was the purpose of the equal opportunities commission?
Individuals could appeal if they wanted to bring their causes before law courts or Employment Tribunals, in matters affected by both the Equal Pay and Sex Discrimination Acts
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
What created anxiety about immigration?
Perceived differences between immigrants and the existing population, such as different accents, food and behaviour patterns.
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
In the mid 1960s what was formed?
The national front: a group which adopted extreme right wing policies and was very against immigration
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
What did the national front draw attention to?
Crime statistics, arguing more immigrants led to more robbery, violence, and unemployment
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
What did the national front want to do?
Not just stop immigration but send the immigrants back.
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
Describe 1970s support for the national front
In the 1970s support continued to grow, but it struggled to find this outside of working class groups. Although a small party, it did receive double digits in some regions
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
What was set up in 1977?
The ANL, founded by the left and targeted the national front for it’s racist right wing policies
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
Where did the ANL gain support?
Amongst MPs, trade unions and pop groups. By 1970 the NF was no longer considered as big of a threat and the ANL was formally ended
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
What did MPs believe about immigration?
Rob Hattersley - ‘without integration limitation is inexcusable: without limitation immigration is impossible’. Widely a consensus around this topic
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
1962 commonwealth immigration act
Limited access to those holding a gov issued employment voucher
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
1968 commonwealth immigration act
Limited access to those born in Britain or those who had at least one parent or grandparent born there
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
What was the idea for immigrants once they had arrived?
They should be treated as citizens, not foreigners
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
What did the 1976 race relations act do?
Extended the 1965 act by making it illegal for race to be used as a means of discrimination within employment, education or the workings of the states own agencies
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
What was the 1976 monitering body called?
The commission for racial equality
YOUTH
Prog rock and glam rock
Groups such as pink floyd and genesis
Long songs w higher level of music technology
Stage costumes and makeup
David Bowie
YOUTH
Punks
Music produced easily danced to
Anti society
The sex pistols and anti monarchy such as song ‘god save the queen’
addressed political issues
YOUTH
Other musical styles 1970s?
- Post punk
- Folk
- Folk rock
- Heavy metal
- Jazz fusion
YOUTH
What was punk fashion associated with?
torn clothes, shaped heads
YOUTH
What did hippies persist with?
Alternative styles of living and music, long hair, tie dyed tshirts, peace loving
YOUTH
What did skinheads wear?
doc marten boots and visible braces to hold up trousers, more likely to adopt aggressive manner and be drawn to right wing groups
YOUTH
describe attitude and responses
each of these young people groups attracted hostile media commentary in turn. hippie boys were criticised for their long hair, skinheads for being football hooligans. drug taking criticised
ENVIRONMENTALISM
What did the CPRE support?
Development of national parks and areas of outstanding national beauty.
ENVIRONMENTALISM
Who supported the CPRE?
politicians, journalists and members of the Royal family.
ENVIRONMENTALISM
Describe friends of the earth
Founded in the US in 69 and within a couple of years became active in the UK. Concentrated on nuclear energy, before widening to issues around transport waste and food production
ENVIRONMENTALISM
What did greenpeace do?
Criticise political institutions for their impacts on biodiversity. In 1972 volunteers sailed into the area where the French military were conducting nuclear tests
ENVIRONMENTALISM
What did photograph’s of green peace do?
Raise sympathy by revealing the violence used against volunteers, Later campaigns focused on whales
ENVIRONMENTALISM
Describe the ecology party
Founded mid 1970s. gained no seats 1979 but results better than other small parties
ENVIRONMENTALISM
How was the environment perceived?
Not a political priority by gov or voters. any environmental legislation passed was stimulated by human need
ENVIRONMENTALISM
Under Heath, what was the ministry of housing and local government replaced by?
The department of the environment, inducting more awareness and response
ENVIRONMENTALISM
What did harold Wilson establish?
Royal commissions on environmental pollution to advise government and Parliament on environmental issues, remained for 40 years
ENVIRONMENTALISM
Describe 1974 water act
Intention of maintaining or restoring health and cleanness of Britain’s water - something an issue the CPRE supported
ENVIRONMENTALISM
What act was passed 1976?
Endangered species act - prevented importation and exportation of certain animals and plants
ENVIRONMENTALISM
What did media coverage of environmental issues tend to be?
Infrequent, not regarded as a continuing story and there was no specialist staff
ROB WATERS
What was the rise in oil prices?
70%
ROB WATERS
What was Heath’s election question?
“Who governs Britain?”
ROB WATERS
What was the IMF loan and demand cut?
£2.3 billion for £2.5 billion worth of cuts
ROB WATERS
How was Mealey described to have gone to the IMF?
Cap in hand
ROB WATERS
What was the inflation rate by 1978 summer?
8% from 23%
ROB WATERS
Winter of discontent: how many workers went on strike?
1.5 million
ROB WATERS
What did rise of identity politics mean?
Term mid 1960s, disputed domination of white heterosexual politics, shopping
ROB WATERS
When was the gay liberation front set up?
1970
ROB WATERS
When was the first pride march?
1972
