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Britain > 1970 - 1979 > Flashcards

1970 - 1979 Flashcards

1
Q

CONSERVATIVE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
What were the aims and objectives summed up on?

A

The Selsdon manifesto

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2
Q

CONSERVATIVE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
What were the Conservative’s progressive policies?

A

Reduce the rise in prices, curb unemployment and increase productivity

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3
Q

CONSERVATIVE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Did the Conservatives want to break away from consensus politics?

A

Yes. This attitude was summed up in the conservative manifesto and referred to as a ‘new type of conservatism’

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4
Q

CONSERVATIVE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
What did the conservatives want to abandon?

A

The prices and income policy, opting for a hands off approach

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5
Q

CONSERVATIVE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
What would the Heath government not seek to impose?

A

A wage freeze or intervene with payment settlements. Instead, market forces would be allowed to operate allowing free bargaining between employees and workers

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6
Q

CONSERVATIVE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
What was required to make free bargaining genuine and fair?

A

Trade unions to not have a headstart: a key reason behind the Industrial Relations Act 1971

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7
Q

THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT
What was the government’s key concern?

A

The power of trade unions

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8
Q

THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT
When and why was the industrial relations act introduced?

A

In 1971, to specify what trade unions could and could not do

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9
Q

THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT
Who was employment secretary?

A

Robert Carr

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10
Q

THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT
What did the act mean?

A

The government could impose cooling off periods and demand ballots. A distinction was made between official and wildcat strikes.

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11
Q

THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT
Did unions oppose the act?

A

Yes… bitterly

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12
Q

THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT
What happened in February 1971?

A

140,000 union members marched through London shouting ‘kill the bill’

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13
Q

THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT
What did the TUC tell it’s members to do?

A

Deregister and defy the NIRC if action was bought against them

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14
Q

THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT
What did unions exploit?

A

A loophole in the act by refusing to make agreements unless employers agreed such agreements were not legally binding

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15
Q

MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
What did conservatives come to power claiming?

A

Inflation was a menace and to reduce it was a priority, yet during their time in governance inflation actually went up

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16
Q

MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
Whenever inflation went up, what happened?

A

Unions would demand higher wages and to allow this employers would raise good prices - this caused an inflationairy spiral

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17
Q

MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
What was the government itself?

A

A major employer (nationalization)

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18
Q

MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
Which one of it’s agencies had been gradually decreasing in size as the industry itself shrank?

A

The National Coal Board

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19
Q

MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
Why was the NCB discontented?

A

Following years of improving pay miners had fallen back during the 1960s

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20
Q

MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
What did union boss Joe Gormley succeed in 1971?

A

Gaining a 14% pay rise

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21
Q

MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
What was refused in 1972 and what did this result in?

A

A further pay rise, leading to the first national coal strike since 1926

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22
Q

MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
Through the use of flying pickets, what did the NUM quickly succeed in?

A

Creating a fuel crisis, with picket lines that members of other unions refused to cross

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23
Q

MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
What was the power shortage made worse by?

A

The winter weather, a state of emergency was declared

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24
Q

MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
After 7 weeks of striking what happened?

A

The miners accepted an improved offer from the NBC

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25
Q

MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
Why was the pay rise undermined?

A

There was a high rate of inflation.

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26
Q

MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
Why was the gov keen to avoid paying the miners more?

A

It was attempting to limit rises both public and private

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27
Q

MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
What did the 1973 oil crisis do?

A

Push up the price of coal

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28
Q

MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
What did the NUM convince their members?

A

That backed by the state the government could put forward another pay rise

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29
Q

MINERS STRIKE 1972 AND 74
What did the 1974 strike do?

A

So reduced the availability of power that the gov was forced to introduce a three day working week to avoid running out of fuel

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30
Q

THE THREE DAY WEEK
What did Heath calculate?

A

The government would be able to survive the strikes for longer than the miners

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31
Q

THE THREE DAY WEEK
In December 1973, what did Heath announce?

A

From the end of the year ‘most industrial and commercial premises will be limited in the use of electricity to three specified days a week’

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32
Q

THE THREE DAY WEEK
What were restrictive measures introduced similar to?

A

War time austerity

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33
Q

THE THREE DAY WEEK
What were the results of the three day week?

A
  • Electricity blackouts interfered w industrial production
  • Ordinary people going wout electricity
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34
Q

THE THREE DAY WEEK
When the miners dispute was eventually settled what pay rise did the NUM get?

A

21% - nearly 3x the amount originally offered

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35
Q

THE THREE DAY WEEK
Was the three day week successful for Heath?

A

No, it marked a major defeat for government

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36
Q

THE THREE DAY WEEK
Embarked by their 21% pay rise, what did the NUM then go on to do?

A

Strike again in 1974 in pursuit of a further wage demand. This was too much for Heath who instantly called another election.

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37
Q

THE 1974 GENERAL ELECTION
How many seats did the conservatives get?

A

297

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38
Q

THE 1974 GENERAL ELECTION
How many seats did Labour get?

A

301

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39
Q

THE 1974 GENERAL ELECTION
Who moved against the conservatives?

A

Enoch Powell

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40
Q

THE 1974 GENERAL ELECTION
What did Labour make a case for?

A

Increased central planning

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41
Q

THE 1974 GENERAL ELECTION
Who was the liberal leader?

A

Jeremy Thorpe

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42
Q

THE 1974 GENERAL ELECTION
What was the liberals campaign?

A

‘Change the face of britain’

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43
Q

THE 1974 GENERAL ELECTION
What did the election results show?

A

Movement towards the liberals (14 seats)

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44
Q

LABOUR’S RETURN TO POWER
What type of government was Labour?

A

A minority government - meaning had to rely on other parties

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45
Q

LABOUR’S RETURN TO POWER
By October 1974, what did Wilson feel safe enough to do?

A

Call a general election, gained 18 seats

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46
Q

LABOUR’S RETURN TO POWER
What was Labour’s overall majority by October 1974?

A

3

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47
Q

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 1974 - 76
Why did Wilson act quickly?

A

Wanted to demonstrate labour better equipped to deal w trade unions than the conservatives

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48
Q

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 1974 - 76
What did Wilson negotiate with the TUC in 1973?

A

The social contract

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49
Q

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 1974 - 76
Was agreement quickly reached?

A

Yes - gov didn’t want confrontation, ended 3 day week

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50
Q

THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATIONS
What was Heath’s stance on the EEC?

A

A convinced europhile

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51
Q

THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATIONS
From 1961, what had heath been?

A

Macmillan’s negotiatior in attempts to join the EEC

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52
Q

THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATIONS
What did Heath say in the 1970 election?

A

He would not take Britain into the EEC without ‘full hearted consent’ of parliament and people

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53
Q

THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATIONS
As PM from 1970 what did Heath quickly do?

A

Reopened negotiations w the EEC

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54
Q

THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATIONS
What happened in 1971?

A

With no president DeGaulle to veto and no suggestion of sterling devaluation Britain was accepted as a member

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55
Q

THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATION
Was Britain’s acceptance divisive?

A

Yes - many cons and labour members demanded a membership referendum

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56
Q

THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATIONS
When did Britain officially join the EEC?

A

The 1st of January 1973

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57
Q

THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATIONS
Had a referendum occured?

A

No - noting this fact the opposition made sure it’s manifesto promised future renegotiations. Heath’s terms of membership would then be put to the public to decide

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58
Q

THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATIONS
Was Labour’s manifesto move popular?

A

Yes, ensured there was no party split

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59
Q

THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATIONS
What happened accordingly when Wilson gained power?

A

He renegotiated (although little was changed) and organised the 1975 referendum act. The question determined by the act was ‘do you think that the UK should remain part of the EEC?’

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60
Q

THE EEC & EUROPEAN RELATIONS
Who backed yes?

A

Labour left, conservative right

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61
Q

THE EEC REFERENDUM
What did trade unions and the Labour left say about the EEC?

A

‘A capitalist club’

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62
Q

THE EEC REFERENDUM
To improve relations w trade unions what did Wilson pledge?

A

To renegotiate EEC terms. This was largely a gesture because no major changes were made.

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63
Q

THE EEC REFERENDUM
Once Wilson renegotiated what did he do?

A

Called an entry referendum in 1975

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64
Q

THE EEC REFERENDUM
How were MP’s told to vote?

A

Personally not as a party, which caused an interesting cross party divide

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65
Q

THE EEC REFERENDUM
Who were mainly pro-Europe?

A

Labour leaders, Conservatives and liberals

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66
Q

THE EEC REFERENDUM
Who were mainly pro Europe?

A

Labour leaders, conservatives and liberals

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67
Q

THE EEC REFERENDUM
Who were mainly against Europe?

A

Most of Labour

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68
Q

THE EEC REFERENDUM
Which Labour members supported Europe?

A

Shirley Williams, Roy Jenkins

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69
Q

THE EEC REFERENDUM
Which Labour members did not support Europe?

A

Tony Benn, Barbara Castle

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70
Q

THE EEC REFERENDUM
What percentage voted yes?

A

64.5%

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71
Q

THE EEC REFERENDUM
What percentage voted no?

A

35.5%

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72
Q

THE WINTER OF DISCONTENT
When did the winter of discontent begin?

A

Autumn 1978

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73
Q

THE WINTER OF DISCONTENT
What initially started the winter of discontent?

A

The TUC rejected Labour’s proposed wage increase of 5%, causing trade unions to put in higher demands

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74
Q

THE WINTER OF DISCONTENT
What did ford lorry drivers achieve?

A

A 15% pay rise after a 9 week strike. More unions followed example, such as train drivers. Resultantly, there were mass travel disruptions.

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75
Q

THE WINTER OF DISCONTENT
Where else was there shock and outrage?

A

From members of the public sector, such as hospital porters, binmen and gravediggers. Rubbish piled up and bodies went unburied.

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76
Q

THE WINTER OF DISCONTENT
Whilst the WOD was happening what was Callaghan being pictured doing?

A

Swimming in the tropics - hindered his public image

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77
Q

THE WINTER OF DISCONTENT
Was the industrial unrest as bad as the previous miners strikes?

A

No, but the psychological impact deeply scarred public mood. It stuck with labour long after the end of Callaghan’s premiership in 1979

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78
Q

THE WINTER OF DISCONTENT
When were disputes bought to an end?

A

March 1979, the average pay increase was 10%

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79
Q

1979 GENERAL ELECTION
At the 1978 Labour party conference what did Callaghan decide to do?

A

Postpone the general election, which turned out to be a mistake because by spring 1979 the political landscape had been reshaped by the winter of discontent and the economy had deteriorated

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80
Q

1979 GENERAL ELECTION
Describe trade union relationships?

A

Damaged

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81
Q

1979 GENERAL ELECTION
In march 1979 what did the labour government receive?

A

A vote of no confidence surrounding the issue of scottish devolution. The government was forced to resign for the first time since a premiership in 1924

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82
Q

1979 GENERAL ELECTION
What happened to images of the winter of discontent?

A

They circulated the media for months, helping the tories election campaign

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83
Q

1979 GENERAL ELECTION
Despite issues, did the labour vote uphold well?

A

Yes - only dipping by about 3%

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84
Q

1979 GENERAL ELECTION
What did the tories benefit from?

A

Sharp fall in support for the liberals and the SNP. The result was by no means a landslide but gave them a comfortable working majority of 43.

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85
Q

THE TROUBLES: CONS
What was Heath’s aim within NI?

A

‘An acceptable level of violence’

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86
Q

THE TROUBLES: CONS
What was an initial response?

A

Internment - operation demetrius, 342 suspected IRA members detained wout trial

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87
Q

THE TROUBLES: CONS
What did internment cause?

A

Riots, violence and more hostility

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88
Q

THE TROUBLES: CONS
What were political institutions?

A

Designed to exclude the catholics

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89
Q

THE TROUBLES: CONS
How did groups such as NIRCA respond?

A

Raising the issues of civil rights, there was fear this would infringe upon protestant rights

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90
Q

THE TROUBLES: CONS
What were demonstrations called to protest?

A

The effective disenfranchisement and socioeconomic disadvantages suffered by Roman Catholics in NI

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91
Q

THE TROUBLES: CONS
What was London Derry?

A

A contriversial city, mainly protestant unionist

92
Q

THE TROUBLES: CONS
What did citizens demonstrate in support of?

A

Civil rights and anti internment, death of civilians led to mistrust of British troups and support for the IRA

93
Q

THE TROUBLES: CONS
Describe 1968

A

A planned legal demonstration in London derry, attacked by police which highlighted the discrimination. Did not do to the orange marches.

94
Q

THE TROUBLES: CONS
When was bloody sunday?

A

January 1972

95
Q

THE TROUBLES: CONS
What did the PM of NI ban?

A

Protests for the year, despite this a demonstration mounted in LD with roughly 12000 people

96
Q

THE TROUBLES: CONS
On bloody sunday, what did a minority do?

A

Broke away and threw stones at soldiers, they responded by open firing causing 14 deaths

97
Q

THE TROUBLES: CONS
What did the gov assert about Bloody Sunday?

A

The soldiers had responded to gun and bomb attacks, caused anger from catholic mps such as Bernadette Devin who left the house of commons swearing

98
Q

THE TROUBLES: CONS
What did the PIRA demand?

A

NI to have political sovereignty, for the british army to be publically withdraw and political prisoners released

99
Q

THE TROUBLES: CONS
Describe diplock courts

A

Created which aided internment and made it easier to trial then arrest the convicted

100
Q

THE TROUBLES: CONS
To nationalists what did diplock courts confirm?

A

NI was ran by an unaccountable foreign gov which had sent in an army of occupation

101
Q

THE TROUBLES: CONS
In 1973 what was recognised?

A

NI presented a political, policing and security threat

102
Q

THE TROUBLES: CONS
Describe parliaments devolution plan

A
  • Proportional representation to replace stormont parliament catholics had no faith in
  • A consutive council of Ireland which would allow all members to meet
103
Q

THE TROUBLES: CONS
Did both sides agree w the sunningdale agreement?

A

Yes

104
Q

THE TROUBLES: CONS
What did sunningdale negotiations lead to?

A

An executive bringing together of the Unionists, SLDP and alliance party

105
Q

THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
Although both sides agreed to the Sunningdale agreement, what persisted?

A

IRA campaigns. The compromises agreed did not limit unionist fears, or nationalist ambitions.

106
Q

THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
Within days of the agreement being signed, what happened?

A
  • Loyalist paramilitary groups had formed a coalition under the name Ulster Army Council
  • The unionists voted against continued participation in the NI assembly
  • Loyalist workers called a general strike, leading to a period of rioting
107
Q

THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
What did the IRA move to attack?

A

Targets on mainland Britain, setting off bombs in pubs in Birmingham, Guildford and Woolwhich

108
Q

THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
Describe elections to the NIIC

A

May 1975, using a purposeful system of proportional rep. Meant neither side could make an agreement

109
Q

THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
Why was some new optimism created?

A

1976 development of grassroot peace movements led by two catholic women Mairead Corrigan and Betty Williams

110
Q

THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
What was the movement in response to?

A

The killing of three children by a PIRA activist fleeing in a getaway car. Caused demonstrations of peace all over the world

111
Q

THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
Describe the maze prison

A

In 1971, republicans arrested during operation demetrius were interned at Long Kesh, in a collection of buildings left over from WW2. By the end of 1975 over 2000 pp were held there wout trial.

112
Q

THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
Describe special category status

A

Introduced in 1972, during negotiations for a truce with the PIRA.

113
Q

THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
What did SCS allow?

A

Prisoners more free association time, more visits and no uniform

114
Q

THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
What did Labour do for SCS in 1976?

A

Left it in place for existing detainees but reversed it for new ones. Prisoners now sent to HMP Maze

115
Q

THE TROUBLES: LABOUR
What did prisoners do in response to SCS?

A

Refuse to wear prison clothes, co-operate w general cleanliness or eat food. Meanwhile, the decision was taken by PIRA to treat prison officers and british soldiers, targets for assassination.

116
Q

ATTITUDES TO THE USSR AND CHINA
What was one of the main reasons Britain and the US continued to work together in the 70s?

A

Despite disagreements, they both shared the same objective of halting communism

117
Q

ATTITUDES TO THE USSR AND CHINA
Which were the most powerful communist nations?

A

USSR and China

118
Q

ATTITUDES TO THE USSR AND CHINA
What were attitudes to the USSR in the 70s?

A

A period of detente, after the cuban missile crisis both of the powers tried to ensure measures to avoid direct combat. Still fears however about Eastern European influence/encroachment

119
Q

ATTITUDES TO THE USSR AND CHINA
What were relations between GB, US and China?

A

Strained, but this was suddenly changed when meetings were held between Johnson and chinese leader Mao Zedong

120
Q

ATTITUDES TO THE USSR AND CHINA
In March 1972 what did Heath do?

A

Given the highest possible order from a chinese governor to a foreigner. In 1979 the Chinese government visited Britain for the first time since the communist revolution.

121
Q

SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH US
Where was Heath orientated towards?

A

Europe, less inclined to strengthen the Atlantic Alliance

122
Q

SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH US
What attempts did Heath reject?

A

To use Britain as a link to negotiate with Europe

123
Q

SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH US
Who did Heath personally get on with?

A

Nixon, more supportive of the vietnam war than wilson had been

124
Q

SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH US
Why did relations worsen october 1973?

A

Yom Kippur war, the US wanted to use NATO bases in Europe for an airlift of supplies to Israel. Most E states including Britain refused permission because they feared losing supplies of oil from the Middle East

125
Q

SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH US
What were Wilson and Callaghan keen on?

A

Atlantic Alliance.

126
Q

SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH US
Who did Callaghan form a strong personal relationship with?

A

Kissinger

127
Q

SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH US
What did Callaghan negotiate?

A

The replacement of polaris missiles with trident in 1979. Nevertheless, completely withdrew from east of suez despite US disquiet

128
Q

DETENTE
When was Helsinki?

A

1973

129
Q

DETENTE
What did Helsinki say?

A

European borders are inviolable and cannot be altered by force, freedom of speech, religion and movement across Europe

130
Q

DETENTE
What did the Cuban Missile Crisis show?

A

Even if leaders didn’t want nuclear war they could lose control of events which could lead to devestating consequences

131
Q

DETENTE
Describe where salt one was and who was there

A

1972, Helsinki Finland, Nixon and Brezhnev

132
Q

DETENTE
What did the Anti-ballistic missile treaty state?

A

ABM’s only allowed at 2 sites w a maximum of 100 missiles.

133
Q

DETENTE
What did the interimn treaty place restrictions on?

A

The number of ICBMs and BLBMs each country could have

134
Q

DETENTE
What agreement was made at salt 2?

A

A highly complex, technical agreement was made, including restrictions on missile launchers and strategic bombers. Ban of testing of new types of ICBM.

135
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
Describe Harold Wilson’s take on Europe

A

Uncommitted to European membership
Worried about maintaining unity within the Labour party

136
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
Describe Edward Heath’s take on Europe

A

Passionately pro Europe
Saw European co-operation as the key to preventing any repetition of the Nazi regime

137
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
Who was Charles de Gaulle replaced by?

A

Georges Pompidou, a man convinced the EEC needed Britain as much as Britain needed the EEC

138
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
What other countries also joined the EEC in 1974?

A

Ireland and Denmark

139
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
What was the biggest issue for Britain?

A

Gaining parliamentary approval. There were doubters in the conservatives who supported to commonwealth/ britain’s sovereignty

140
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
Who was a vociferous EEC critic?

A

Enoch Powell: very poor relationship with heath after the rivers of blood smith

141
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
Describe the Labour parties division about the EEC

A

Committed pro Europeans such as Roy Jenkins, but Labour left mostly hostile. Wilson himself indifferent and instead wanted to maintain untiy

142
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
What did Wilson argue?

A

The terms negotiated were not good enough, he said there would need to be a renegotiation and a referendum because it was the only way to keep the party together

143
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
In the end how many Labour MPs helped the conservatives win the decisive vote in the commons?

A
  1. Heath’s persistence and commitment at last brought Britain into Europe
144
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
Describe Wilson’s take on the 1974 election

A

His strategy was to let both sides of his party campaign and not ensure a party line.

145
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
Describe the yes campaign

A

Economic state of the country, supported by businesses. Politicians at head of campaign included most of Labour, Heath and liberal leader jeremy thorpe. Therefore had a bigger impression on public opinion

146
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO, AND RELATIONS WITH, EUROPE
Describe the no campaign

A

Wanted to protect british workers and to maintain British independence

147
Q

INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE
Until the 1970s what had provided the west with oil?

A

Large, multinational companies

148
Q

INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE
From the 1960s what did OPEC do?

A

Begin to establish greater control over their own oil industries. Shown dramatically during the conflict with Israel

149
Q

INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE
What did Arab members of OPEC do in retaliation to the West’s support of Israel?

A

Drastically reduce oil supplies, and increase prices from 2 to 35 per barral

150
Q

INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE
Whilst mainly being targeted at the US, what happened to the oil dependent western states?

A

Rapid and severe inflation throughout the industrial world. In the decade after 1973 Britain suffered a sever recession

151
Q

INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE
What did the balance of payments deficit rise to?

A

£1 billion

152
Q

INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE
What did the annual inflation rate rise to?

A

16%

153
Q

INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE
What did the value of sterling drop to?

A

$1.57

154
Q

INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE
What were interest rates raised to?

A

15%

155
Q

INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE
What happened to unemployment between 1974 - 76?

A

It doubled and remained high for rest of decade

156
Q

BARBER BOOM AND GOVERNMENT U-TURNS
What had the selsdon manifesto complained about?

A

‘The Labour governments about turns in economic policy’

157
Q

BARBER BOOM AND GOVERNMENT U-TURNS
What was hypocrytical about the selsdon manifesto complaints?

A

The government shortly pulled a uturn of their own

158
Q

BARBER BOOM AND GOVERNMENT U-TURNS
Initially, what did the gov work to implement?

A

A freemarket agenda

159
Q

BARBER BOOM AND GOVERNMENT U-TURNS
Why did Heath abandon free market?

A

Increasing unemployment, didn’t want a repeat of the 1930s. There built up considerable opposition to unemployment rising too high

160
Q

BARBER BOOM AND GOVERNMENT U-TURNS
What were the 1972 and 1973 budgets a means of?

A

Executing the U turns

161
Q

BARBER BOOM AND GOVERNMENT U-TURNS
At the beginning of 1972 what did unemployment rates reach?

A

A million, double what it had been when the cons came to office.

162
Q

BARBER BOOM AND GOVERNMENT U-TURNS
What did chancellor Anthony Barber do?

A

Increased pensions and benefits whilst reducing tax

163
Q

BARBER BOOM AND GOVERNMENT U-TURNS
What did the keynesian intention of putting £2.5 billion into the economy do?

A

Halve unemployment by 1974 but increase inflation

164
Q

BARBER BOOM AND GOVERNMENT U-TURNS
Within 15 months what was Barber forced to move to?

A

A deflationary budget and to adopt a wages freeze.

165
Q

BARBER BOOM AND GOVERNMENT U-TURNS
What did wage freezes lead to?

A

Miners strikes, who resented limits on their freedom. Negotiated better wages and working conditions.

166
Q

ECONOMIC REFORMS 74 - 76
What was the first major problem?

A

A surge in inflation due to rush of large wage increases that were deemed necessary to get out of industrial crisis that bought down heath

167
Q

ECONOMIC REFORMS 74 - 76
In January 1975 what did chancellor Denis Healy do?

A

Made a speech in Leeds, giving a stern warning of the dangers wage inflation had on unemployment, and that it was vital to control public spending

168
Q

ECONOMIC REFORMS 74 - 76
In April 1975, what did Healey’s budget impose?

A

Steep rises in taxation and public spending was cut

169
Q

ECONOMIC REFORMS 74 - 76
What was set up in 1974?

A

The national enterprises board under tony benn

170
Q

ECONOMIC REFORMS 74 - 76
What did the NEB do?

A

Administer the govs shareholding in private companies. It could also administer financial aid.

171
Q

ECONOMIC REFORMS 74 - 76
What happened to the NEB in 1975?

A

It’s effectiveness was being questioned

172
Q

ECONOMIC REFORMS 74 - 76
What did the govs decision to nationalise failing car manufacturer highlight?

A

The controversy surrounding saving ‘lame duck’ industries.

173
Q

ECONOMIC REFORMS 74 - 76
What was becoming apparent?

A

The social contract was not limiting wage demands. By 1975 a more formal pay restraint policy was introduced

174
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
What percentage did women make in the houses of commons 1970?

A

A mere 3%

175
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
Give two prominent female MPs in the Wilson cabinet

A

Barbara Castle, Jennie Less

176
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
What did Kenneth O’morgan draw attention to?

A

Women only made up 1/3 of the workforce, and were particularly limited in jobs such as politics, law, and the civil service

177
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
What were notable influences on 1970s feminism?

A

Virginia Wolf’s ‘a room of ones own’, Simone De Beauvoir’s ‘le deuxine sexe’ and Germaine Greer’s ‘the female enuch’

178
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
What did the female enuch argue?

A

Women were oppressed by men and this oppression was exercised through the way society was organised and this in turn was internalised by women

179
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
Describe the Miss London competition

A

Much protest against it, felt as if it objectified women

180
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
What did Erin Pizzey do?

A

Founded a refuge for women in West London.

181
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
What was Chiswick’s womens aid?

A

A practical response to the problems faced by women being domestically abused. The criminal justice system was reluctant to be involved with private affairs.

182
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
What did the 1968 strike by women sewing machinists lead to?

A

1970 equal pay act

183
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
What did the 1975 sex discrimination act protect?

A

Men and women against discrimination on grounds of gender and marital status. It affect the worlds of education and work.

184
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
What was the purpose of the equal opportunities commission?

A

Individuals could appeal if they wanted to bring their causes before law courts or Employment Tribunals, in matters affected by both the Equal Pay and Sex Discrimination Acts

185
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM
What was the purpose of the equal opportunities commission?

A

Individuals could appeal if they wanted to bring their causes before law courts or Employment Tribunals, in matters affected by both the Equal Pay and Sex Discrimination Acts

186
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION
What created anxiety about immigration?

A

Perceived differences between immigrants and the existing population, such as different accents, food and behaviour patterns.

187
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION
In the mid 1960s what was formed?

A

The national front: a group which adopted extreme right wing policies and was very against immigration

188
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION
What did the national front draw attention to?

A

Crime statistics, arguing more immigrants led to more robbery, violence, and unemployment

189
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION
What did the national front want to do?

A

Not just stop immigration but send the immigrants back.

190
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION
Describe 1970s support for the national front

A

In the 1970s support continued to grow, but it struggled to find this outside of working class groups. Although a small party, it did receive double digits in some regions

191
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION
What was set up in 1977?

A

The ANL, founded by the left and targeted the national front for it’s racist right wing policies

192
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION
Where did the ANL gain support?

A

Amongst MPs, trade unions and pop groups. By 1970 the NF was no longer considered as big of a threat and the ANL was formally ended

193
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION
What did MPs believe about immigration?

A

Rob Hattersley - ‘without integration limitation is inexcusable: without limitation immigration is impossible’. Widely a consensus around this topic

194
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION
1962 commonwealth immigration act

A

Limited access to those holding a gov issued employment voucher

195
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION
1968 commonwealth immigration act

A

Limited access to those born in Britain or those who had at least one parent or grandparent born there

196
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION
What was the idea for immigrants once they had arrived?

A

They should be treated as citizens, not foreigners

197
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION
What did the 1976 race relations act do?

A

Extended the 1965 act by making it illegal for race to be used as a means of discrimination within employment, education or the workings of the states own agencies

198
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION
What was the 1976 monitering body called?

A

The commission for racial equality

199
Q

YOUTH
Prog rock and glam rock

A

Groups such as pink floyd and genesis
Long songs w higher level of music technology
Stage costumes and makeup
David Bowie

200
Q

YOUTH
Punks

A

Music produced easily danced to
Anti society
The sex pistols and anti monarchy such as song ‘god save the queen’
addressed political issues

201
Q

YOUTH
Other musical styles 1970s?

A
  • Post punk
  • Folk
  • Folk rock
  • Heavy metal
  • Jazz fusion
202
Q

YOUTH
What was punk fashion associated with?

A

torn clothes, shaped heads

203
Q

YOUTH
What did hippies persist with?

A

Alternative styles of living and music, long hair, tie dyed tshirts, peace loving

204
Q

YOUTH
What did skinheads wear?

A

doc marten boots and visible braces to hold up trousers, more likely to adopt aggressive manner and be drawn to right wing groups

205
Q

YOUTH
describe attitude and responses

A

each of these young people groups attracted hostile media commentary in turn. hippie boys were criticised for their long hair, skinheads for being football hooligans. drug taking criticised

206
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM
What did the CPRE support?

A

Development of national parks and areas of outstanding national beauty.

207
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM
Who supported the CPRE?

A

politicians, journalists and members of the Royal family.

208
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM
Describe friends of the earth

A

Founded in the US in 69 and within a couple of years became active in the UK. Concentrated on nuclear energy, before widening to issues around transport waste and food production

209
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM
What did greenpeace do?

A

Criticise political institutions for their impacts on biodiversity. In 1972 volunteers sailed into the area where the French military were conducting nuclear tests

210
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM
What did photograph’s of green peace do?

A

Raise sympathy by revealing the violence used against volunteers, Later campaigns focused on whales

211
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM
Describe the ecology party

A

Founded mid 1970s. gained no seats 1979 but results better than other small parties

212
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM
How was the environment perceived?

A

Not a political priority by gov or voters. any environmental legislation passed was stimulated by human need

213
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM
Under Heath, what was the ministry of housing and local government replaced by?

A

The department of the environment, inducting more awareness and response

214
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM
What did harold Wilson establish?

A

Royal commissions on environmental pollution to advise government and Parliament on environmental issues, remained for 40 years

215
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM
Describe 1974 water act

A

Intention of maintaining or restoring health and cleanness of Britain’s water - something an issue the CPRE supported

216
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM
What act was passed 1976?

A

Endangered species act - prevented importation and exportation of certain animals and plants

217
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM
What did media coverage of environmental issues tend to be?

A

Infrequent, not regarded as a continuing story and there was no specialist staff

218
Q

ROB WATERS
What was the rise in oil prices?

A

70%

219
Q

ROB WATERS
What was Heath’s election question?

A

“Who governs Britain?”

220
Q

ROB WATERS
What was the IMF loan and demand cut?

A

£2.3 billion for £2.5 billion worth of cuts

221
Q

ROB WATERS
How was Mealey described to have gone to the IMF?

A

Cap in hand

222
Q

ROB WATERS
What was the inflation rate by 1978 summer?

A

8% from 23%

223
Q

ROB WATERS
Winter of discontent: how many workers went on strike?

A

1.5 million

224
Q

ROB WATERS
What did rise of identity politics mean?

A

Term mid 1960s, disputed domination of white heterosexual politics, shopping

225
Q

ROB WATERS
When was the gay liberation front set up?

A

1970

226
Q

ROB WATERS
When was the first pride march?

A

1972

Britain (6 decks)

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