1964 - 1970 Flashcards
1
Q
WILSON vs DOUGLAS HOME
How old was Wilson, and what did he do with this?
A
In his 40s, paired himself with the young and progressive JFK
2
Q
WILSON vs DOUGLAS HOME
What was Wilson?
A
Media savvy
3
Q
WILSON vs DOUGLAS HOME
Did Wilson run a successful election campaign?
A
Yes
4
Q
WILSON vs DOUGLAS HOME
Why did Wilson appear classless?
A
He went to a state secondary school and smoked a pipe
5
Q
WILSON vs DOUGLAS HOME
Why did Douglas Home not appear classless?
A
Old Etonian, renounced his lordship through the peerage act
6
Q
WILSON vs DOUGLAS HOME
Why was Douglas Home further unpopular?
A
Didn’t win his leadership through a party election
7
Q
THE 1964 GENERAL ELECTION
How many seats did Labour win?
A
317
8
Q
THE 1964 GENERAL ELECTION
How many seats did the Conservatives win?
A
304
9
Q
THE 1964 GENERAL ELECTION
What did the election results show?
A
More moving away from the Conservatives towards Labour
10
Q
THE 1964 GENERAL ELECTION
What did Wilson want to do with privilege?
A
Replace it with purpose and drive
11
Q
TRADE UNIONS
What was a trade union?
A
A group set up to protect collective workers rights, such as for miners or teachers
12
Q
TRADE UNIONS
What do trade unions do?
A
Liaise with the government and work with the individual. The ultimate action they can call is a strike so governments want to take conciliatory action towards trade unions.
13
Q
TRADE UNIONS
What is a wildcat strike?
A
An unofficial strike decided on the day
14
Q
TRADE UNIONS
In 1960, an opinion poll showed how many people in favour of trade unions?
A
60%
15
Q
TRADE UNIONS
What did strikes by seaman and dockers cause?
A
Economic issues
16
Q
TRADE UNIONS
When did the seaman and dockers go on strike?
A
1966 and 1967 relations w trade unions began to deteriorate
17
Q
TRADE UNIONS
Were old union bosses losing their grip?
A
Yes, because strikes were being started by wildcats and local activists
18
Q
TRADE UNIONS
Who was Wilson’s employment minister?
A
Barbara Castle
19
Q
TRADE UNIONS
How many working days were lost in 1967?
A
806
20
Q
TRADE UNIONS
What did Wilson and Castle want to prevent?
A
Unofficial strikes
21
Q
TRADE UNIONS
What did Castle strongly believe in?
A
Powerful trade unions, but which act responsibly
22
Q
TRADE UNIONS
When did Castle produce his white paper ‘in place of strife’?
A
January 1969
23
Q
TRADE UNIONS
In many ways, what would Castle’s proposals do?
A
Strengthen the position of unions
24
Q
TRADE UNIONS
What four key elements were hard for unions to accept?
A
- The 28 cooling off period before strikes went ahead
- The government could impose a settlement when unions were in dispute with each other in demarcation disputes
- Strike ballots could be used
- An industrial relations court would be able to prosecute people who broke the rules
25
TRADE UNIONS
Did voters like Castles' proposal?
Yes
26
TRADE UNIONS
Which Labour MPs supported Castle?
Roy Jenkins the chancellor and others
27
TRADE UNIONS
Did Castle annoy powerful union leaders?
Yes, it caused a storm of protest from union leaders such as Jack Jones from the Transport and general workers union
28
TRADE UNIONS
Who was Jack Jones supported by?
Callaghan, and at least 50 Labour MPs ready to rebel
29
TRADE UNIONS
How long did the row go on for?
Months until Wilson gave in
30
TRADE UNIONS
In June 1969, what did the TUC negotiate?
A face saving compromise, but everyone knew it was a humiliating step down by government
31
TRADE UNIONS
What did this failed implementation do?
Made the government look weak
32
NORTHERN IRELAND 1964 - 70
How was Northern Ireland created?
In 1922 after the Irish war of independence 1919 - 1921
33
NORTHERN IRELAND 1964 - 70
How many counties was Ireland partitioned between?
6 which would remain part of UK, and 26 counties which made up the Irish free state - this became known as the Republic of Ireland
34
NORTHERN IRELAND 1964 - 70
Was the partition controversial?
Yes, leading to a civil war between unionists and nationalists
35
NORTHERN IRELAND 1964 - 70
What religion were the majority of people in NI?
Protestant
36
NORTHERN IRELAND 1964 - 70
What did the domination of protestants mean about Belfast parliament?
Stormont and the whole socio-economic system in NI was dominated by protestant unionists
37
NORTHERN IRELAND 1964 - 70
By 1960s what was there mounting evidence of?
Catholics in NI were being discriminated against by employers in housing. Electoral boundaries had been deliberately drawn to prevent Catholics being elected in, and in addition the were accusations the NUC were biased towards protestants.
38
NORTHERN IRELAND 1964 - 70
When did the civil rights movement in NI begin to challenge the covert discrimination?
1964
39
NORTHERN IRELAND 1964 - 70
When did tensions flare?
Tensions flared as some unionists feared the IRA would begin a new campaign. These so called loyalists started to set up parliamentary organisations to defend the union.
40
NORTHERN IRELAND 1964 - 70
When were civil rights marches held?
1968 to protest against the discrimination
41
NORTHERN IRELAND 1964 - 70
What were the civil rights marches attacked by?
Loyalists, catholics complained the RUC had failed to protect them
42
NORTHERN IRELAND 1964 - 70
In 1969 why did the situation deteriorate?
Because loyalist apprentice boys went ahead with their annual march in Derry and were attacked by nationalists in the catholic area of bogside.
43
NORTHERN IRELAND 1964 - 70
What happened after Catholics were attacked in Bogside?
They were held back by two days of violent rioting. Televised pictures showed NUC officers beating up Catholics
44
NORTHERN IRELAND 1964 - 70
What did rioting from catholics cause?
The stormont government offered concessions of housing and electoral boundaries; this consequently sparked rioting from loyalists
45
NORTHERN IRELAND 1964 - 70
In August 1969, what did Wilson do?
Send in British army troupes to try and keep the peace
46
CONSENSUS AND THE 1970 ELECTION
How many seats did the Conservatives gain in 1970?
330
47
CONSENSUS AND THE 1970 ELECTION
How many seats did Labour lose?
Went to 287
48
CONSENSUS AND THE 1970 ELECTION
Who was up against who?
Edward Heath vs Harold Wilson
49
CONSENSUS AND THE 1970 ELECTION
By 1970, why were there signs the post war consensus were beginning to break down?
- Economic policies did not seem to have been solved by consensus
- Trade unions were seemingly more uncooperative
- Social problems and policies had not yet ended
50
CONSENSUS AND THE 1970 ELECTION
What did Heath appear as?
Hardworking, conscientious and an image of competence
51
CONSENSUS AND THE 1970 ELECTION
Was Powell's river of blood speech in touch w public mood?
Yes
52
CONSENSUS AND THE 1970 ELECTION
What did the breakdown of post war consensus mean?
Conservative policies became more popular
53
REJECTION FROM THE EEC
Were the Labour government desperate to join the EEC in 1964 as their predecessors?
No
54
REJECTION FROM THE EEC
Why in 1962 why did Gaitskell fight passionately against the EEC application?
He said it would 'be the end of 1000 years of history'; he feared it would be the first step towards a federal political union
55
REJECTION FROM THE EEC
Who other than Gaitskell were against the EEC application?
Many of the Labour left, such as Barbara Castle, were equally as hostile. They saw the EEC as a 'capitalist club' which would prevent Britain from following socialist policies.
56
REJECTION FROM THE EEC
Were there Europhiles in the cabinet?
Yes, they saw the economic strengths of joining and Wilson was very conscious at having Labour appear united on this issue.
57
REJECTION FROM THE EEC
Why did Wilson reapply?
- Economic benefits, same time as devaluation and the increasing deficit
- Issues in Rhodesia
- Strained American relations, Vietnam so wanted to strengthen relationships with Europe
58
REJECTION FROM THE EEC
Why did Britain not get into the EEC?
Degaulle was still president of France and had not changed his 1963 mind despite many meetings w the Labour government
59
REJECTION FROM THE EEC
Why did DeGaulle reject the application?
He was still bitter about France being rejected from the 1945 Yalta and Potsdam conferences and he thought Britain would be an obstructive member.
60
REJECTION FROM THE EEC
Were other members of the EEC angry with DeGaulle's rejection?
On this occasion the other 5 members were quite open with their annoyance, this was little consolation to Wilson who had befallen the same humiliating defeat as Macmillan
61
WITHDRAWAL FROM SUEZ
Who was the minister of defence?
Denis Healey
62
WITHDRAWAL FROM SUEZ
What did Healey start?
A process of spending cuts. In 1967, Healey's defence white paper set a timetable for troupe withdrawal from Adan, the Middle East, Malaysia and Singapore
63
WITHDRAWAL FROM SUEZ
Why did Healey's cuts initially not go further?
Wilson believed in the Atlantic Alliance and in Britain's continuation to have a world role. Therefore, no serious debates were held about reducing spending on nuclear deterrents despite it's expense.
64
WITHDRAWAL FROM SUEZ
What did the government announce its commitment to?
The US deployment of Polari missiles
65
WITHDRAWAL FROM SUEZ
Why did much of the initial defence cuts have to change in January 1968?
The devaluation cuts of 1967 meant dramatic spending cuts had to occur
66
WITHDRAWAL FROM SUEZ
In January 1967, what was rapidly accelerated?
Withdrawal from East Suez, Adan, the Arabian Gulf, Malaysia and Singapore
67
WITHDRAWAL FROM SUEZ
Despite the wishes of Wilson and Healey, what had to be abandoned?
The development of a new high tech warplane the TSR2
68
VIETNAM
Was Wilson pro American?
Yes - supportive of the Atlantic Alliance
69
VIETNAM
Describe the context of the Vietnam war
The cold war was ongoing and Britain wanted to ensure that the US stayed committed to defending Western Europe. Soviet threats were highlighted by the red armies invasion of Czechslovakia. However, this relationship became strained over the Vietnam war.
70
VIETNAM
When did the Vietnam war begin and escalate?
1955, 1964
71
VIETNAM
From the escalation of the war, with did the US want?
It's allies to send troupes in, Australia agreed but Wilson resisted sending any direct military intervention
72
VIETNAM
Why was Vietnam a balancing act for Wilson?
He wanted to keep the Atlantic Alliance but the war was very unpopular in Britain so Wilson lacked the political support. Also Britain couldn't afford military involvement but needed Americas help to avoid devaluing the pound
73
VIETNAM
What did Wilson decide to do?
Give moral support rather than military support, this annoyed Johnson and a number of Labour supporters who wanted the government to condone the US
74
RHODESIA
In Southern Africa, what was Macmillan's WOC speech seen as?
A threat
75
RHODESIA
What did Southern Rhodesia demand?
Independence, but Britain made it clear this wouldn't happen until majority rule replaced political domination by the white people
76
RHODESIA
When did a political row blow up?
When Ian Smith became PM of Rhodesia in 1965 and issued a unilateral declaration of independence for Rhodesia without accepting majority rule.
77
RHODESIA
What were Smith's actions?
A direct challenge to the Labour government, but Wilson hoped to make solutions quickly.
78
RHODESIA
When did Wilson meet Smith?
1966 onboard the HMS Tiger. This meeting seemed to represent progress but Smith disavowed everything once he got home.
79
RHODESIA
What action of Wilson didn't have the desired effect?
Oil sanctions, because South Africa didnt stop trading with Rhodesia
80
RHODESIA
Where were more talks held?
Upon the HMS Fearless, but to no avail, Wilson's diplomacy got nowhere. The situation upset the Commonwealth, Labour backbenchers and simultaneously made Britain look weak and Wilson unable to take charge.
81
ECONOMIC POLICIES AND PROBLEMS
Why was it essential Wilson carried out the modernisation of Britain's economy?
Because he was elected on the basis of representing the modern age
82
ECONOMIC POLICIES AND PROBLEMS
What was Wilson desperate to end?
The stop-go policies of the Conservative governments and for Britain's growth to catch up w countries like Japan and Germany
83
ECONOMIC POLICIES AND PROBLEMS
Describe why a country may devalue
One reason a country may devaluate its currency is to combat trade imbalances. Devaluation causes a country's exports to become less expensive, making them more competitive on the global market. This in turn means that imports are more expensive, making domestic consumers less likely to purchase them.
84
ECONOMIC POLICIES AND PROBLEMS
What did Wilson see economic growth as?
The prerequisite for social progress and reform
85
THE ECONOMY IN 1964
What did the old chancellor say to Labour's new one?
'Sorry to leave such a mess old cock'
86
THE ECONOMY IN 1964
What did the Labour election manifesto promise?
To increase spending on welfare, pensions and schools. This was immediately an issue.
87
THE ECONOMY IN 1964
What was the inflation rate?
Low - 2.8%
88
THE ECONOMY IN 1964
What did the Conservatives rely on?
American loans because they overspent
89
THE ECONOMY IN 1964
What was the deficit in 1964?
£800 million
90
DEVALUATION
Why did Wilson not want to devalue?
It makes the economy look weak and he did not want Labour to have the reputation
91
DEVALUATION
Why was devaluation talked about more seriously in 1967?
There was a deficit of £1500 million and loans were not forthcoming
92
DEVALUATION
When did Wilson, Callaghan and Brown decide to devalue?
9pm, the 8th of November, 1967
93
DEVALUATION
What did the pound go from?
$2.80 to $2.40, a decrease of 14%
94
DEVALUATION
What speech did Wilson deliver?
The 'pound to your pocket' speech, essentially saying those at homes will not be affected
95
DEVALUATION
Who replaced Callaghan as the chancellor of the exchequer?
Jenkins, who revived the fortunes of the country. He was happier to introduce deflationary measures and taxes
96
DEVALUATION
What was the surplus by 1969?
£700 million
97
DEFLATION
What did Callaghan's first budget have to be?
Deflationary, meaning Labour couldn't fulfil it's manifesto.
98
DEFLATION
What was Callaghan's 1965 budget?
Also deflationary, but due to lack of other ideas was accepted reasonably well
99
DEFLATION
Why was the bank rate cut by 1% in 1965?
To make it more popular for the 66 elections
100
DEA
What was Wilson convinced of?
Problems could be solved by careful management and planning. DEA was set up, led by George Brown
101
DEA
What did Brown set up?
Growth targets and devised a national plan that had voluntary agreements on wages and prices. This was a huge achievement, but the treasury not wanting to lose control stifled his efforts
102
DEA
By 1966 what as the DEA?
Dead in the water, and Brown moved to foreign office
103
DEA
What was Brown's original task?
To bring together government unions and businesses in order to agree economic policy and strategy that would bring the country forward
104
DEA
What also negatively impacted the economy?
The national union of seamen going on strike in 1966
105
LIBERALISING LEGISLATION
Who was the home secretary 1965 - 67?
Roy Jenkins, he particularly drove the liberalising reform through his support for private members bills
106
LIBERALISING LEGISLATION
What were beginning to break down by the end of the 1960s?
Old societal taboos, but most of Labours changes were ahead of the public mood
107
THE END OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
Why did people begin to turn in favour of ending capital punishment?
The case of Ruth Ellis, who was hanged for the murder of her abusive husband
108
THE END OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
In 1955 what did the Conservatives do to capital punishment?
Reduce the number of offences which carried the death penalty
109
THE END OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
Who campaigned for total abolition of capital punishment?
Sidney Silverman
110
THE END OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
By free vote, when was hanging abolished?
1955, for a trial period of 5 years
111
THE END OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
When was the end of capital punishment made permenant?
1969, Jenkins also ceased the beating of prisoners in 1967
112
THE END OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
What did Jenkins do to verdicts within court?
Bringing in majority verdicts rather than unanimity, helping to convict more criminals
113
DIVORCE REFORMS
What did divorce law demand until the 1960s?
Proof that one party had committed adultery, making divorce pretty inaccessible for the poor
114
DIVORCE REFORMS
What did Jenkins believe?
That divorce laws were outdated and so the divorce law reform act was passed in 1969
115
DIVORCE REFORMS
What did the divorce reform act allow?
'No fault divorce' following the 'irreversible breakdown' of a marriage
116
DIVORCE REFORMS
When could couples divorce?
- If they had lived apart for two years and both parties had agreed to divorce
- They had lived apart for five years and one party wanted a divorce
117
DIVORCE REFORMS
Describe the change in divorce statistics
1950: 2/1000
1975: 10/1000
118
THE LEGALISATION OF ABORTION
What were the only ways to get an abortion pre 1967?
Through backstreet medics or private clinics
119
THE LEGALISATION OF ABORTION
How many backstreet abortions occurred each year?
100,000 - 200,000
120
THE LEGALISATION OF ABORTION
How many women went to hospital, and how many died, between 1958 - 60?
35,000 ended up in hospital and 82 women died
121
THE LEGALISATION OF ABORTION
Which group campaigned for the legalisation of abortion from 1945?
The Abortion Law Reform Association
122
THE LEGALISATION OF ABORTION
What swayed public opinion more than anything?
The Thalamide disaster 1959 - 62. Thalamide is a drug prescribed to pregnant women for morning sickness but caused fetal deformities. Opinion polls showed people to be more in favour of abortion when deformities were detected in fetuses.
123
THE LEGALISATION OF ABORTION
What society was set up in 1966?
The society for the protection of the unborn child
124
THE LEGALISATION OF ABORTION
Who pushed this legislation through?
David Steel, and MPs from both parties. Jenkins put forward and all night commons session to get the legislation through.
125
THE LEGALISATION OF ABORTION
What did the abortion act permit?
The legal termination of abortions within the first 28 weeks with the consent of two doctors. This took into account mental sufferings of pregnant women and not just physical.
126
THE LEGALISATION OF ABORTION
Give abortion statistics after the act had passed
1968: 4/100
1975: 17.6/100
127
THE LEGALISATION OF HOMOSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS
Before the 1960s, how long could homosexual men be imprisoned for?
2 years
128
THE LEGALISATION OF HOMOSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS
What did the Conservative government reject?
Wolfenden's recommendations to decriminalise homosexuality and the Wilson government were divided on the issue
129
THE LEGALISATION OF HOMOSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS
Who took up the cause?
Leo Abase a Labour backbencher
130
THE LEGALISATION OF HOMOSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS
What act legalised homosexual relations?
The 1967 sexual offences act
131
THE LEGALISATION OF HOMOSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS
What did the sexual offences act do for homosexality?
Both partners had to consent, had to be over 21, had to be in private, then it was legal
132
THE LEGALISATION OF HOMOSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS
Was the act welcomed?
Yes, by men who had previously been afraid to declare their sexuality and had to lead double lives. However, the act was strictly interpreted and in private was seen as nobody in the building
133
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS
By the 1970s what idea had long passed?
The idea that the tripartite system of schooling was equal: the whole system was socially divisive and based off class rather than merit
134
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS
What was established in some areas?
Comprehensive schools by the LEA
135
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS
What did comprehensive schools offer?
Every child an equal opportunity to learn at their own pace and sit exams according to their own subject ability
136
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS
By 1964, how many students went to comprehensive schools?
1/10
137
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS
How did Tony Crosland accelerate the process?
He issued circular 10/65 to all local comprehensive schools
138
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS
By 1970, how many authorities had failed?
8
139
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS
By 1970, how many students went to comprehensive school?
1/3
140
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS
Why were some students sent to private schools?
Their parents were not convinced comprehensive schools would offer 'grammar school education for all'
141
THE EXPANSION OF HIGHER EDUCATION
What did the Robbins report find?
Britain lagged behind France, Germany, and the US in the provision of university places - particularly in science and technology aspects
142
THE EXPANSION OF HIGHER EDUCATION
How did the Labour government respond to the Robbins report?
By expanding higher education
143
THE EXPANSION OF HIGHER EDUCATION
What did the Labour gov do with polytechnics?
Replaced colleges of technology with polytechnics, with a practical focus rather than research
144
THE EXPANSION OF HIGHER EDUCATION
What did nine colleges of advanced technology become?
Full universities and the Royal University in Scotland became Strathclyde university
145
THE EXPANSION OF HIGHER EDUCATION
How many new universities were founded?
21
146
THE EXPANSION OF HIGHER EDUCATION
By 1968 how many polytechnics and universities were there?
30 and 56. New degrees and courses were offered. People were able to attend university even if nobody else in their family had attended
147
THE OPEN UNIVERSITY
What did Wilson want to most be remembered for?
The creation of the open university because it combined his enthusiasms for education, modernisation and equal opportunities for all.
148
THE OPEN UNIVERSITY
When and where were the OU headquarters established?
1969 in Milton Keynes
149
THE OPEN UNIVERSITY
When did courses begin?
January 1971
150
THE OPEN UNIVERSITY
Who were the majority of students?
Mature, female, or the disadvantaged.
151
THE OPEN UNIVERSITY
By 1980, how many degrees was the OU giving out?
More than oxbridge
152
THE EXPANSION OF MASS MEDIA
By 1961 what percentage of the population had a TV?
75%
153
THE EXPANSION OF MASS MEDIA
By 1971 what percentage of the population had a TV?
91%
154
THE EXPANSION OF MASS MEDIA
Who became director of the BBC and what did they do?
Hugh Greene - diverted money from radio to TV
155
THE EXPANSION OF MASS MEDIA
What did the launch of ITV in 1955 allow?
Advertising to expand
156
THE EXPANSION OF MASS MEDIA
When was BBC2 launched and what did it become?
April 1964, the first channel to regularly broadcast in colour 1967
157
THE EXPANSION OF MASS MEDIA
How did radio survive?
With help of the car, more radio stations were open such as radio one
158
THE EXPANSION OF MASS MEDIA
What happened to newspapers?
Print media fell with readership but some newspapers survived and grew stronger, such as the sun 1964 which was associated with the more permissive attitudes of the age
159
GROWTH IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES
Why did leisure expand in the 1960s?
People were now not being expected to work weekends
160
GROWTH IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES
What did popular home bound hobbies include?
DIY, gardening and needlework
161
GROWTH IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES
Describe the acceleration of car ownership
Car journeys grew rapidly in the 1960s and counted for 77% of all journeys by 1974
162
GROWTH IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES
What did technological improvements bring about?
Cars became more affordable, allowing travel to new shopping centres and leisure facilities
163
GROWTH IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES
Why did shopping become a mass leisure activity?
Mass advertising
164
GROWTH IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES
Describe tourism during the 1960s
An increase in mass tourism, holidaying now happened abroad, but it was still a very middle class hobby
165
IMPACTS OF SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT
When did the first person go to space?
1961
166
IMPACTS OF SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT
When did the US land on the moon?
1969
167
IMPACTS OF SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT
What did the Labour government make scientific development?
A key aim, despite economic strains there was progress
168
IMPACTS OF SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT
What did the Anglo-French partnership continue to develop?
The supersonic Concorde aircraft
169
IMPACTS OF SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT
When did the tallest tower in Britain open?
1965 to improve telecommunications
170
REDUCTION IN CENSORSHIP
What had playwriters been experimenting with?
New types of plays which often were critical of society, leading to clashes with the Lord Chamberlain's office
171
REDUCTION IN CENSORSHIP
What did Lord Chamberlain's office control?
Which plays could appear on stage and could demand that anything it deemed inappropriate to be removed
172
REDUCTION IN CENSORSHIP
What did backbencher George Strauss introduce?
A bill to abolish theatrical censorship, passed with the help of Roy Jenkins in 1968
173
REDUCTION IN CENSORSHIP
What did the removal of theatrical censorship allow?
Nudity on the stage, as showed when 13 members of the musical hair stood in nude on stage for 30 seconds
174
REDUCTION IN CENSORSHIP
Describe films
Films remained subject to strict censorship but a gradual broadening of what was deemed acceptable was happening
175
REDUCTION IN CENSORSHIP
Give some examples of films which featured explicit onscreen sex and violence
Darling 1965, Alfie 1966
176
REDUCTION IN CENSORSHIP
What did TV allow for permissive attitudes?
It helped to develop liberal attitudes, as the 1960s progressed issues of sex, violence, politics and religion which had previously been banned were tackled
177
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
What belief stayed true for most of the 1960s?
The belief women should be housewives
178
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
When did second wave feminism start in America?
1963, and then spread to Britain
179
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
What was there frustration in Britain about?
The lack of women (23%) in higher education, and also the lack of women in managerial positions (5%)
180
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
Were there jobs available for women?
Yes, but they were often low pay with low prospects. Working women were often demonized in the media. Moreover, several young women would drop out of school at a young age to get married.
181
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
What did the NHS act of 1967 allow?
Contraceptives and contraceptive advice to be available for the first time
182
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
What was the feminist movement encouraged by?
The publications of books and articles exploring the position of women
183
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
What sprang up across the UK?
'Womens lib' groups campaigning for social and economic equality for women
184
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
What did a rally in Britain 1969 lead to?
Women's national coordination committee which tied all the different strands of feminism together.
185
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
In 1970, which four demands did the WNCC put forward?
- Equal pay
- Free contraception and abortion on request
- Equal education and job opportunity
- Free 24 hours childcare
186
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
What did the 1970 matrimonial property act establish?
The work of a wife should be taken into account in divorce settlements
187
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
What did the 1970 equal pay act establish?
Equal pay for equal work
188
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
What was the 60s for feminism?
A period of evolution rather than revolution
189
THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY
What does the permissive society refer to?
General sexual liberation
190
THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY
What did the catholic church deem contraception to be?
Sinful, however not all prominent catholics agreed, for example the catholic MP Norman St John - Stevas
191
THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY
What was becoming less taboo?
Permissive topics, and rates of STIs particularly among the young was on the rise
192
THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY
Who was Mary Whitehouse?
A moral campaigner concerned about these issues. The publicity and support for Whitehouse was shown when the National Viewers and Listeners Association was set up in 1965 but came to no avail
193
THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY
Were drugs more or less used?
More frequently, 10 times the amount of addictions, 'the hippy lifestyle' and even the beatles used LSD
194
THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY
What did more frequent addiction lead to?
The Dangerous Drugs Act 1967 and the Wootton report of 1968 was rejected by the new, less liberal home secretary James Callaghan
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THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY
What was some evidence against the permissive society?
Many young people married their first sexual partners
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YOUTH CULTURE
What did the combination of increased living standards, affluence, and growth of leisure activities do?
Led to the creation of youths more inclined to question norms and assert their right to choose
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YOUTH CULTURE
What did young people clash with parents over?
Fashion, music, and morality
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YOUTH CULTURE
What did London become towards the end of the decade?
The fashion capital of the world
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YOUTH CULTURE
What did changing fashions help to override?
Sex and class divisions
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YOUTH CULTURE
Give two examples of emerging youth cultures
Skin heads and hippies
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ANTI-VIETNAM WAR RIOTS
What was set up in 1966?
The VSC
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ANTI-VIETNAM WAR RIOTS
Who gave considerable support to the VSC?
University students
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ANTI-VIETNAM WAR RIOTS
What happened on the 17th of March 1968?
There were violent scenes near an anti-vietnam war demonstration in London.
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ANTI-VIETNAM WAR RIOTS
What happened on the 28th of March 1968?
There was an even more violent protest, known as the 'battle of Grosvenor square' ending w 200,000 people being arrested
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ANTI-VIETNAM WAR RIOTS
In 1968, what other student anti vietnam war protests were there?
- At Sussex a member of the US embassy was covered in paint
- Two Conservative MPs were physically attacked in Essex
- Denis Healy, the Labour defence secretary, almost had his car overturned by Cambridge students
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ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE
What did the continued influx of immigrants from the New Commonwealth mean?
Social tensions did not go away regarding race
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ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE
What did a survey in North London show?
1/5 objected to working with BAME people, 1/2 said they would refuse to live next to a black person and 9/10 were opposed to mixed sex relationships
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ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE
In 1965, what act did Labour pass and what did it do?
'Race Relations Act' which forbade the exclusion in public places based on 'race or ethnic or national origins'. However, housing and employment weren't covered
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INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
What did Castle want for unions?
A move away from the defence of sectional interests and towards corporal responsibility for national economic and social development
