1960s-90s Indian Actions Flashcards
What was NIYC and what happened in 1964?
1961 National Indian Youth Council set which initially defended fishing rights in north-west America but went on to pertain to lawsuits defending treaty rights, voting rights, religious freedom. Inspired by termination and civil rights movement. 1964 hundreds of Natives assembled at Washington for recognition of Johnson’s war on poverty.
When was AIM set and why?
In 1968 the American Indian Movement was set by young Indians who felt progress by the NIYC was too slow. Red Power was a term which developed, wanting more militant action and pride in the Native American race. Coincided with most progressive presidents and most progress.
How did AIM protect in the streets?
AIM between 1968-75 tackled discrimination faced by young Native Americans with a group patrolling the streets and monitoring activities of the police, leading to decline in arrests and imprisonments.
What fish in was held?
A fish in was held at Washington state when the State Supreme Court failed to uphold rights for natives to fish in Columbia river.
What literature was written during the 70s?
Literature was published such as by Vine Deloria Jr who wrote Custer Died for Your Sins, and Dee Brown’s Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee.
Outline the Siege of Alcatraz
1969 Siege of Alcatraz – originally belonged to Ohlone Indians, was taken and used as a jail. A group of Native Americans from a range of tribes led by Richard Oakes of the Mohawk tribe occupied it. $24 in beads and cloth was offered to the US government, what they had offered the Indians for the Island of Manhattan. Government’s refusal led to 80 becoming involved. Natives unsuccessful in regaining land but worldwide media coverage made people aware of struggle for Native Americans and 10,000 Native Americans visited the island during the siege. It united Native Americans in their struggle. Siege ended 1971 when US government removed final protesters, June.
What were results of Alcatraz?
- Positives of Alcatraz: gained AIM national publicity, important for Natives as they made only 1% of electorate.
- Negatives: The way police and militia ended occupation went against Native beliefs and violence split the movement.
What was occupied in 1971?
1971 occupation of Mount Rushmore, Black Hills of Dakota: sacred burial ground of Sioux, protesters established camp and were evicted but Native Americans continue to claim the Black Hills and have established further camps.
When was the BIA taken over?
1972 AIM take over BIA, Washington DC, 1000 protesters travelled on the Trail of Broken Treaties Caravan and drew attention to treaties which previous US governments had broken with the Native Americans. Marchers had 20 issues to be resolved but with no accommodation they seized the Bureau and had to be evicted leading to violence.
What was occupied in 1973 and 1975?
- 1973 occupation of Wounded Knee: occupation lasted 71 days and saw violence against the government agents. Negotiated settlement achieved, but two leaders arrested and later acquitted.
- 1975 Pine Ridge Reservation – near Wounded Knee further violence exploded and resulted in shootings killing two FBI officers and a protester. A member of AIM found guilty but Appeal Court blamed killings on overreaction of authorities.
