[Chapter 25] Plants and Animals - Common Challenges Part II Flashcards

02/13/14, Quiz 1 (This deck covers textbook chapters 25.4 to 25.5)

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Interactions between cells in tissues, organs, and organ systems that keep the operating conditions of the internal environment within tolerable limits.

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2
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of body form, its morphology

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3
Q

Physiology

A

study of patterns and processes by which an individual survives and reproduces in the enviroment

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4
Q

Tissue

A

A community of cells and extracellular substances that interact in one or more tasts

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5
Q

Organ

A

A structural unit made up of tissues arranged in proportions and patterns that allow it to carry out a specific task(s)

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6
Q

Organ System

A

Organs that interact in one or more tasks Ex. Lungs and airways are organs of the respiratory system of land vertebrates

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7
Q

Growth vs Development

A

Growth - Refers to an increase in the number, size, and volume of cells. Measure in quantitative terms.Development - Series of stages in which specialized tissues, organs, and organ systems form in heritable patterns. Measure in qualitative terms.

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8
Q

Flower

A

Reproductive organ

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9
Q

Respiratory System

A

Gases only move into and out of an animal by diffusing across a moist surface. Land animals contain moist sacs for gas exchange within the body.

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10
Q

Extracellular Fluid and components

A

Body fluid not inside cells, acts as an internal environment. The body requires a stable fluid environment for its cells.Interstitial Fluid - Type of extracellular fluid, fills spaces between cells and tissues Plasma - fluid portion of cells

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11
Q

Diffusion

A

When ions or molecules of a substance are concentrated in one place, they tend to move to a place where they are not as concentrated. Plants and animals keep gases diffusing in directions most suitable for metabolism and cell survival.

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12
Q

Vascular Tubes

A

Systems of tubes through which substances move to and from cells

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13
Q

Active Transport

A

Protein pumps one specific solute from a region of low concentration to one of higher concentration.

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14
Q

Signalling Mechanisms

A

Guide how the plant or animal body grows, develops, and maintains itself, and also reproduces

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15
Q

Biotic

A

Living

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16
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Cells of cell parts that detect stimuli, which are specific forms of energy

17
Q

Integrator

A

A central command post that receives and processes information about stimuli, issues signals to effectors

18
Q

Effectors

A

Muscles, glands, or both, that carry out suitable responses to the stimulation

19
Q

Feedback Mechanisms

A

Major homeostatic controls, help maintain physical and chemical aspects of the body’s internal environment within ranges that its individual cells can operate

20
Q

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

A

An activity changes a specific condition in the internal environment, and when the condition changes past a point, a response reverses the change

21
Q

Positive Feedback Mechanisms

A

Mechanisms spark a chain of events that intensify change from an original condition, in a living organism this intensification will lead to a change that ends the feedback

22
Q

System Acquired Resistance

A

A defence response to infections and injured tissues. Cells in an affected tissue release signalling molecules that call for the synthesis and release of organic compounds that will protect the plant against attacks.

23
Q

Compartmentalization

A

Trees will wall off the damaged tissue, release phenols (and other toxic compounds) and often secrete resins. Compartments form around injured, infected, or poisoned tissues, and new tissues grow overtop.

24
Q

Leaf folding

A

A controlled response by Lupinus arboreus to changing conditions. Response minimizes heat absorption.

25
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

Biological activity pattern that recurs with an approximate 24-hour cycle. Phytocrome helps control this.

26
Q

Homeostasis in Plants

A

There are control mechanisms (compartmentalization, system acquired resistance, and rhythmic leaf movements) that help maintain homeostasis, but they are not centrally controlled like in animals.

27
Q

Things involved in Communication Among Distant Cells

A

Amino acids, peptides, proteins, lipids, and gases. Some other signals diffuse through interstitial fluid, or through blood vessels or vascular tissues.

28
Q

Molecular Mechanisms in Cell Communication

A

Often have three steps:1. Specific Receptor is activated2. Signal is transduced (converted into a form that can operate inside the cell)3. Cell makes a response to the signal (ex. altering its metabolism or which genes it expresses)

29
Q

Responses to Molecular Signals

A

Many receptors that respond are membrane proteins, and once activated some will activate an enzyme that will activate more of a different kind of enzyme, and so on.

30
Q

Cascading Reactions

A

Amplify the response to one signal many times over

31
Q

Apoptosis

A

The process of programmed cell death. Example of a response to signal reception.