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* Physics > 19 > Flashcards

19 Flashcards

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1
Q

Vibration

A

periodic wiggle in time

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2
Q

Wave

A

Wiggle in both space and time

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3
Q

Sound is a _______ wave?

A

Mechanical. A propogation of vibrations through a material medium ( solid, liquid, gas) (no material, no sound)

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4
Q

Light is a vibration of _______ fields?

A

Electric and magnetic. It can pass through many materials, but needs none.

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5
Q

The source of all waves?

A

vibration

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6
Q

Period

A

The time in which a vibration is completed. Period = 1/frequency

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7
Q

Sine curve

A

Pictorial representation of a wave (troughs, crests)

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8
Q

Amplitude

A

Distance from midpoint to crest (or trough) of a wave. Maximum displacement.

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9
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from the top of one crest (or trough) to the next..

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10
Q

Frequency

A

How frequently a vibration happens. For a vibrating body or medium, the number of vibrations per time unit. For a wave, the number of crests that pass a particular point per time unit.

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11
Q

Hertz

A

Unit of frequency. 1 Hz equal one vibration per second.

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12
Q

Transverse wave

A

A wave in which the medium vibrates perpendicularly to the direction in which the wave travels. Light waves and waves on stringed instruments are tranverse. (up and down)

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13
Q

Longitudinal wave

A

A wave in which the medium vibrates parallel to the direction in which the wave travels. Sound waves are longitudinal. (backward/forward, compressions and rarefactions)

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14
Q

Wave speed

A

The speed with which waves pass a particular point Wave speed = frequency x wavelength Describes how fast a disturbance moves through a medium and it is related to frequency and wavelength of a wave. V = λf

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15
Q

Wave interference

A

Phenomenon that occurs when 2 waves meet while traveling along the same medium, their interaction

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16
Q

Interference pattern

A

Pattern formed by the superposition of different sets of waves that produces reinforcement in some places and cancellation in others.

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17
Q

Standing pattern

A

A stationary interference pattern formed in a medium when 2 sets of identical waves pass through the medium in opposite directions.

Has stable regions of constructive and destructive interference.

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18
Q

Doppler effect

A

The shift in received frequency due to the motion of a vibrating source toward or away from a receiver

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19
Q

Stiffer springs have a ______ period than a less stiff spring?

A

Smaller - they exert stronger restoring forces.

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20
Q

A heavier weight will _______ the period of a spring?

A

Increase. More massive objects will vibrate with a longer period due to their great inertia.

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21
Q

The period of a swinging pendulum will _____ with a heavier mass on the end?

A

Not change.

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22
Q

Ther period of a swinging pendulum will _______ with a longer length?

A

Increase.

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23
Q

Waves transport _____, not matter.

A

energy

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24
Q

Superposition principle

A

The displacemnt due to the interference of waves is determined by adding the disturbances produced by each wave.

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25
Q

Constructive interference

A

When the crest of one wave overlaps the crest of another causing increased amplitude. (reinforcement)

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26
Q

Destructive interference

A

When the crest of one wave overlaps the trough of another, individual results are reduced or cancelled. (cancellation)

27
Q

Nodes

A

Regions of minimal displacement with zero or minimal energy

28
Q

Antinodes

A

Regions of maximum dispacement and max energy.

29
Q

Blue shift

A

Increase in light freq towards the blue end of the spectrum

30
Q

Red shift

A

Decrease in light frequency toward the red end of the spectrum

31
Q

A 5-kg mass is attached to a spring and is oscillating with a period of 2 seconds and an amplitude of 5 cm. If the amplitude is made to be 10 cm, the period of oscillation will be _____.

A

2 seconds. The period of oscillation does not depend on the amplitude (it depends only on the mass and the spring’s stiffness).

32
Q

Two blocks, one with a mass of 10 kg and another with a mass of 5 kg, are hanging on identical springs. If both blocks are displaced and released, which one will oscillate with a higher frequency?

A

The 5kg block. The spring is able to accelerate the 5-kg block more quickly than the 10-kg block, which causes the frequency of oscillation to be higher (and the corresponding period of oscillation to be lower).

33
Q

Two waves with the same wavelength are moving to the right. Wave 1 is moving faster than wave 2. Which wave has a higher frequency?

A

Wave 1. The frequency is equal to the speed of the wave divided by the wavelength.

34
Q

You are floating in the ocean, and waves with a wavelength of 12 meters are causing you to bob up and down. If the waves are moving with a speed of 4 m/s, what is your frequency of oscillation?

A

0.33 cycles per second The frequency is equal to the speed of the wave divided by the wavelength, or 4/12 Hz = 1/3 Hz.

35
Q

An astronomer notices that radiation emitted by a star is slightly redshifted (the wavelength is longer). This means that the star _________.

A

is moving away from Earth The Doppler shift causes light from objects moving away from us to be redshifted.

36
Q

Suppose you are speeding through an intersection at 100 km/h and notice a policeman trying to measure your speed using his Doppler gun, as shown in the figure. Because of the Doppler effect, the policeman will measure a speed of __________.

A

zero. Since the velocity of the car is perpendicular to the direction from the car to the policeman, there is no Doppler shift.

37
Q

Red light has a longer wavelength than blue light. Which type of light has a higher frequency? (The speed of light is independent of wavelength.)

A

Blue. Since frequency equals speed divided by wavelength, the smallest wavelengths have the highest frequencies.

38
Q

If the period is doubled, the frequency is

A

halved

39
Q

An oscillating object takes 0.10sto complete one cycle; that is, its period is 0.10s. What is its frequencyf?

A

10 Hz

40
Q

Drag the pendulum to an angle (with respect to the vertical) of30∘, and then release it. Where is the pendulum swinging the fastest?

A

0° kinetic energy is greatest here, so the pendulum is moving the fastest.

41
Q

With the pendulum swinging back and forth, at which locations is the acceleration equal to zero?

A

The acceleration is never equal to zero as it swings back and forth.

42
Q

With the pendulum swinging back and forth, how does the tension of the rope compare to the force of gravity when the angle is 0∘?

A

The tension is greater than the force of gravity

43
Q

With the pendulum swinging back and forth, where is the tension equal to zero?

A

The tension is zero at the angles+90∘and−90∘.

44
Q

How does the period of oscillation depend on the initial angle of the pendulum when released?

A

The period is longer when the initial angle is greater.

45
Q

How does the period of the pendulum depend on mass?

A

The period is independent of the pendulum’s mass.

46
Q

How does the period of the pendulum depend on the length?

A

A longer pendulum has a longer period.

47
Q

How does the period of oscillation depend on the value ofg?

A

The period of oscillation is shorter on planets with a higher value ofg.

48
Q

How arefrequencyandperiodrelated to each other?

A

Frequency and period are inversely proportional.

49
Q

Does the medium in which a wave travels move with the wave?

A

No

50
Q

What happens to the frequency of the wave if you increase the wavelength, keeping the velocity of the wave constant?

A

The frequency decreases.

51
Q

What happens to the frequency of the wave if you increase the wave velocity, keeping the wavelength of the wave constant?

A

The frequency increases

52
Q

How can you double the frequency of a wave if you have control over both the wavelength and the wave velocity?

A

You can either halve the wavelength, keeping the wave speed constant; or double the wave speed, keeping the wavelength constant.

53
Q

What is the relationship among frequency, wavelength, and wave speed?

A

Wave speed is frequency multiplied by wavelength.

54
Q

Distinguish betweenconstructive interferenceanddestructive interference.

A

Constructive interference occurs when the crests of two waves add together. Destructive interference occurs when a crest of one wave is reduced by the trough of another.

55
Q

In the Doppler effect, does frequency change? Does wave speed change?

A

Only frequency changes

56
Q

How fast does a200-Hzsound wave with a wavelength of2.7mtravel?

A

540 m/s

57
Q

A railroad locomotive is at rest with its whistle shrieking, then starts moving toward you. Does the frequency of sound that you hear increase, decrease, or stay the same? How about the wavelength?

A

Increases, Decreases

58
Q

How about the speed of sound in the air between you and the locomotive?

A

Stays the same

59
Q

A weight suspended from a spring is seen to bob up and down over a distance of 12cmtwice each second. What is its frequency?

A

2 Hz

60
Q

A weight suspended from a spring is seen to bob up and down over a distance of 12cmtwice each second. What is its period?

A

.5 s

61
Q

A weight suspended from a spring is seen to bob up and down over a distance of 12cmtwice each second. What is its amplitude?

A

6 cm

62
Q

If a pendulum is shortened, does its frequency increase or decrease? What about its period?

A

Increase, decrease

63
Q

A frequency of 1 Hz is a vibration that happens _____ each second?

A

Once

64
Q

A sound source moves toward you. Do you measure the speed of its sound wave to be greater or less than if the source were stationary?

A

Neither. Both frequency and wavelength undergo a change when the source is moving, but wave speed does not.

* Physics (12 decks)

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