18th Century: expansion of europe and the enlightenment

Question 1

enclosure movement

Answer 1

• fenced off open fields to enable large landowners to employ crop rotation
• insignificant farmers were forced to move but food production rose quickly

Question 2

mercantilism

Answer 2

• economic system that look to create a favorable balance of trade with other European nations or with their American colonies

Question 3

Adam Smith

Answer 3

• Largely discredited Mercantilism
• in favor of free competition, limited government regulation, and self interest through a supply and demand market system

Question 4

Francis Bacon

Answer 4

• english thinker
• advocated for inductive or the experimental method
• forming principles and conclusions after actual data and observations

Question 5

Rene Descartes

Answer 5

• French Philosipher
• best known for the Discourse on Method (1637) and Cartesian Dualism
• he wanted to reconcile religion with science but it looked like skepticism

Question 6

Discourse on Method

Answer 6

• Descartes
• argued that everything not validated by observation should be doubted
• but his own motto was I think therefore I am

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Question 7

Cartesian Dualism

Answer 7

• Descartes

- divided all existence into spiritual and material

Question 8

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 8

• 1473 - 1543
• Polish astronomer
• believed in a heliocentric view of the universe
• beliefs challenged the norm of society and church
• Johannes Kepler proved his theories

Question 9

Galileo Galilei

Answer 9

• 1564 - 1642
• his telescope observations validated Copernicus’s theories and advocacy earned him condemnation from the Inquisition

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Question 10

Isaac Newton

Answer 10

• 1642-1727
• tested the notion of God’s intervention in human affairs
• established the ascendancy of science in the modern world
• said that the natural laws of motion accounted for the movement of the planets

english

Question 11

Johannes Kepler

Answer 11

• proved Copernican theories

- plotted the elliptic orbits of the planets

Question 12

Deism

Answer 12

• Watchmaker God theory, he made the world but doesn’t intervene

Question 13

Scientific Revolution

Answer 13

• redefined astronomy and physics

Question 14

the enlightenment

Answer 14

seventeenth century through eighteenth century

dramatic revolutions in science, philosophy, society, and politics which replaced Medieval world views

Question 15

Voltaire

Answer 15

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Question 16

open field system

Answer 16

• used during the middle ages

- it divided the arable land available to a farming community into narrow strips, much of the land lay fallow