Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrine > 189. Growth and development > Flashcards

189. Growth and development Flashcards

1
Q

Causes:

  • Cushing’s Disease: pituitary ACTH hypersecretion
  • Cortisol secreting tumor
  • CRH secreting tumor
  • Exogenous (high dose steroids)

Suppress GH and IGF-1 action at the growth plate
- slow linear growth with weight gain acceleration

A

Glucocorticoid excess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In hypothyroidism:

- in addition to typical symptoms you will also see profound growth deceleration/failure and __ puberty

A

Delayed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Most important in the first few months (up to about 9 months) when it comes to postnatal growth

A

Nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Secretion affected by:

  • thyroid hormone
  • estrogen
  • glucocorticoids
  • androgens
  • IGF-1
A

GH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Newborns with congenital hypothyroidism or growth hormone deficiency are usually __ at birth

A

Normal size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Disorders of the GH-IGF axis

Other endocrine disorders:

  • Cushing’s
  • Hypothyroidism

Malnutrition

IUGR

Chronic diseases

Psychosocial disorders

A

Secondary Growth Disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Growth hormone action:

  • Increases lipolysis
  • Decreases lipogenesis

Make __ into lean tissue

A

Adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hormone that leads to:

  • bone growth directly (2 routes)
  • Inhibition of IGF-1 negative feedback pathway
  • increase secretion of GH from pituitary
A

Estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

At midgestation, fetus grows how much per week?

A

2.5 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Growth hormone action at the level of __:

  • increases AA transport
  • Increases nitrogen retention
  • Increases lean tissue
  • Increases energy expenditure
A

Muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hypothalamic dysfunction –> impaired GHRH release

  • congenital malformations
  • trauma
  • inflammation
  • CNS tumors
  • cranial irradiation
A

GH deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Binding of what molecule to its receptor at the bone level leads to growth

Synthesized in the liver

A

IGF-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In secondary growth disorders:
- linear growth is __ throughout

Skeletal age (bone age) __ chronologic age

A

Slow

<

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Endocrine regulators of growth
- local production critical for normal intrauterine growth

Prenatal role in humans not completely delineated
- mice with knockouts have birth weights 60% of normal

A

IGF-1 and IGF-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Definition:

  • more than 2 standard deviations below for sex and age
  • 3% of all children
  • does not automatically imply pathology
A

Short stature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Critical mediator of growth
- rises significantly during puberty

Largely responsible for stimulating muscle and cartilage growth

A

IGF-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Children grow in a remarkably __ manner

Any deviation from this pattern should raise concern

A

Predictable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Secreted in a pulsatile manner, greatest amplitude overnight

Regulated by:

  • GHRH (+)
  • somatostatin (-)

Secretion affected by:

  • exercise
  • sleep patterns
  • food intake: ghrelin
  • age and pubertal status
  • body composition
  • emotional factors
  • various other neurotransmitters
A

GH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Peak growth rates occur during the __ __ of life and during puberty

  • 0-12 months: 25 cm/yr
  • 12-24 months: 12.5 cm/yr
  • 2 yrs - puberty: 6-8 cm/yr
  • pubertal peak: 9-10 cm/yr
A

First year

20
Q

The major endocrine regulator of fetal growth

- infants of diabetic mothers are born large bc glucose crosses placenta

A

Insulin

21
Q

3 phases of growth

A
  1. Fetal (in utero)
  2. Infancy and childhood
  3. Adolescence
22
Q

Girls: ((Dad’s height - 5 inches) + mom’s height)/2

Boys: (Dad’s height + (mom’s height + 5 inches))/2

A

Mid parental height

23
Q

Idiopathic short stature:

Genetic or familial short stature is cases in which bone age __ chronological age

Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (late bloomers) is cases in which bone age __ chronological age

A

=

<

24
Q

What kind of growth chart do you use for 2-20 year olds?

A

CDC

25
Q

In primary growth abnormalities:

  • linear growth rate can be:
  • -> __ , but below the typically growth curve
  • -> __ , but then slows down

Skeletal age (bone age) __ Chronologic age

A

Normal

=

26
Q

IGF won’t get transported through blood effectively without __

A

IGFBP

27
Q

Direct effect on epiphyseal cartilage

  • chondrocyte proliferation
  • epiphyseal fusion

Permissive effect on growth hormone secretion
- increases GH release

A

Thyroid hormone

28
Q

Endocrine causes of short stature (3 types)

A

Hypothyroidism

Glucocorticoid excess

IGF deficiency

29
Q

What kind of growth chart do you use for 0-2 year olds?

A

WHO

30
Q

Main source of nutrition and oxygen to the fetus

Abnormal implantation, vascular insufficiency, infarction can compromise supply of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus

A

Placenta

31
Q

Growth hormone action:

  • Promotes epiphyseal growth
  • GH stimulates differentiation of prechondrocytes and local expression of IGF-1
A

Linear growth

32
Q

Combination of hypothyroidism, precocious puberty, and ovarian cysts in girls

A

Van Wyk Grumbach syndrome

33
Q

Infants with __ are born small for gestational age d/t insulin resistance

A

Leprechaunism

34
Q

Some features of __:

  • round, cherubic face
  • truncal obesity
  • small hands/feet
  • neonatal hypoglycemia, prolonged jaundice, and/or micropenis
  • Hx of cranial irradiation or chemotherapy
  • Midline defects
  • High pitched voice
A

GH deficiency

35
Q

What position is a 2+yo when you measure their height?

A

Standing up

36
Q

Puberty is regulated by the __ axis

Sex steroids, estrogen, and testosterone produce the physical changes of puberty and promote the growth spurt

A

HPG (hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal)

37
Q

aka Intrinsic Growth Plate Abnormalities

Osteochondrodysplasias

Chromosomal abnormalities

  • Down’s Syndrome
  • Turner Syndrome
  • Russel-Silver Syndrome
A

Primary Growth Abnormalities

38
Q

Major endocrine regulators of growth in infancy and childhood

A

Thyroid hormone

Growth hormone

39
Q

What position is a 0-2yo when you measure their height?

A

Supine

40
Q

Growth hormone action:

  • increases osteoclast differentiation and activity
  • increases osteoblast activity
  • increases bone mass by endochondral bone formation
A

Bone metabolism

41
Q

When checking bone age, you take an XR of the __ __

A

Left hand

42
Q

Normal intrauterine growth is largely __ of the fetal pituitary gland hormones

A

independent

43
Q

Deviation from a __ __ __ can be the first manifestation of a wide variety of disease processes

A

Normal growth pattern

44
Q

Height < 3rd percentile

Height significantly below genetic potential
- just bc they’re on the growth curve doesn’t mean they are growing the way they should

Abnormally slow growth rate

Downwardly crossing percentile channels after 18 months - 2 years of age

A

Red flags for growth

45
Q

Nutritional obesity has normal growth or accelerated from increased __ acting on IGF-1 receptors

A

Insulin

Endocrine (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions