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Endocrine > 176. Intermediary Metabolism > Flashcards

176. Intermediary Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

In severe fasting state, ___ are mobilized from body protein stores and serve for ___

A

Amino acids

liver gluconeogenesis

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2
Q

Protein thats activity leads to glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscle after insulin binds to its receptor on the cell membrane

A

IRS-1

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3
Q

Produced in equimolar concentration from proinsulin and is released along w/ insulin

Better marker for endogenous insulin production than insulin given the longer half life

A

C-peptide

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4
Q

Lipids are either __ in peripheral tissue or converted to __ in liver during fasting state

A

Oxidation

Ketones

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5
Q

Stimulates insulin secretion from beta cells

- prevents excessive hyperglycemia

A

Glucagon

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6
Q

Main regulator of the rate of release of insulin and C-peptide from secretory vesicles

A

Plasma glucose levels

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7
Q

Cell depolarization activates ___ channels

Leads to a rise in cellular Ca2+
- augmented by Calcium release from the ER

A

Voltage-gated calcium

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8
Q

Insulin-dependent glucose transporter

Glucose uptake in muscle and fat cells trigger transposition of this transporter

A

GLUT-4

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9
Q

Sensitivity to __’s effect may be decreased in persons with chronic obesity

Inactivating mutations in the genes encoding __ or its receptor lead to massive obesity

A

Leptin

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10
Q

Main insulin dependent tissues are found in (3 things)

  • (insulin-sensitive)
  • stimulated in fed state
A

Muscle
Fat
Liver

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11
Q

Responsible for:

  • glucose uptake in target tissues by transposition of GLUT-4
  • Stimulation of glycogen synthesis and inhibition of glycogenolysis in the liver –> increased net uptake of glucose
  • Induction of genes regulating storage of energy carriers in the form of glycogen and TG synthesis, mainly in the muscles and liver
  • Induction of genes responsible for increased protein synthesis (anabolic effect)
  • Decrease glucagon secretion
A

Insulin

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12
Q

Secreted by cells in the intestine (jejunum) in response to food intake

Facilitates insulin secretion from beta cells following oral intake

Agonists are used for the treatment of diabetes

A

GLP-1

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13
Q

ATP sensitive ___ channels on the cell membrane of beta cells react to the increase of ATP/ADP after glucose has entered the beta cells and become inhibited
- leads to cell depolarization

A

K+ (KATP channels)

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14
Q

Organ that can only use glucose for energy metabolism

A

Brain

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15
Q

List of energy resources from most to least:

A

Fat
Carbs
Protein

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16
Q

Secretes insulin

A

Beta-cells of islets of Langerhans

17
Q

Inhibitory signals for __:

  • somatostatin
  • inflammatory cytokines
  • NE
  • Leptin
  • IGF-1
A

Insulin

18
Q

2 sources of glucose in hepatocytes from glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

Glycogen

Oxalate (leads to PEP from pyruvate)

19
Q

Inhibitory signals for __:

  • Glucose
  • Insulin
  • Somatostatin
  • Ketones
  • Free fatty acids
  • GLP-1
A

Glucagon

20
Q

Secreted by alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans

Counteracts insulin in respect to glucose uptake and metabolism

A

Glucagon

21
Q

Glucose transporter in fat and muscle

A

GLUT4

22
Q

Secreted by adipose tissue proportional to its mass

Induces satiety, increases energy expenditure

Currently being explored for treatment of obesity and/or diabetes

A

Leptin

23
Q

Stimulatory signals for __:

  • Amino acids
  • ACh
  • EPI
  • NE
  • GIP
  • CCK
A

Glucagon

24
Q

Activates glycogen breakdown after cAMP acts on it

Blocked by insulin

A

PKA

25
Q

Displays a diurnal variation in plasma levels

Relates to conditioning to common times when one eats

A

Ghrelin

26
Q

Rise in intracellular calcium triggers fusion of __ and __ containing vesicles with the cell membrane and exocytosis of these prestored proteins

A

Insulin and C-peptide

27
Q

Released mainly by cells in the stomach and intestinal wall

Levels ride during fasting
- induce hunger and promote energy conservation

A

Ghrelin

28
Q

GLUT4 responds to __ action after it is phosphorylated by the Insulin/IGF-1 receptors

Translocates GLUT4 to cell membrane to let glucose enter the cell

A

Cbl

29
Q

Plasma glucose is sensed by beta cells via free entry of glucose into beta cells through what transporter?

Insulin-independent

A

GLUT-2

30
Q

Enhances glucose stimulated insulin

Inhibits glucagon secretion

Delays gastric emptying

Induces satiety

Acts through a G-coupled cell membrane receptor

A

GLP-1

31
Q

After glucose enters the beta cells via GLUT-2, it causes oxidative metabolism of itself leading to an increase in the what?

A

ATP/ADP ratio

32
Q

Peptide hormone with a relatively short half-life that binds to tyrosine kinase receptors to initiate an intracellular signaling cascade

A

Insulin

33
Q

Deactivated by phosphorylated PKB

Can no longer inactivate glycogen synthesis

A

GSK3

34
Q

Acts on a GPCR that leads to activation of PKA to inactivate glycogen synthase

Also helps leads to glycogen breakdown

A

Glucagon

35
Q

Stimulatory signals for __:

  • Glucose
  • GLP-1
  • Glucagon
  • Amino acids
  • Fatty acids
  • ketones
  • ACh
  • VIP
  • EPI
A

Insulin

36
Q

Peptidase that degrades GLP-1

Target of inhibition in diabetic medications

A

DPP-4

Endocrine (26 decks)

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