18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives

Question 1

recall the reactions by which carboxylic acids can be produced:

Answer 1

(a) oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes with acidified K2Cr2O7 or acidified KMnO4 and REFLUXING (distillation for alcohol to aldehyde)

(b) hydrolysis of nitriles with dilute acid or dilute alkali followed by acidification

(c) hydrolysis of esters with dilute acid or dilute alkali and heat followed by acidification

Question 2

salts

Answer 2

(a) the redox reaction with reactive metals to produce a salt and H2(g)

(b) the neutralisation reaction with alkalis to produce a salt and H2O(l )

(c) the acid–base reaction with carbonates to produce a salt and H2O(l) and CO2(g)

Question 3

esterification and reduction

Answer 3

(d) esterification with alcohols with concentrated H2SO4 as catalyst

(e) reduction by LiAlH4 to form a primary alcohol

Question 4

recall the reaction (reagents and conditions) by which esters can be produced:

Answer 4

(a) the condensation reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid with concentrated H₂SO₄ as catalyst

Question 5

describe the hydrolysis of esters

Answer 5

by dilute acid-

by dilute alkali and heat-