13. Intro To Organic

Question 1

hydrocarbon

Answer 1

a compound made up of C and H atoms only

Question 2

alkanes

Answer 2

simple hydrocarbons with no functional group

Question 3

functional group

Answer 3

dictates physical and chemical properties of compounds.

Question 4

homologous series- functional group

Answer 4

alkene- c-c double bond
halogenoalkane- halogen R-X
alcohol- hydroxyl R-OH
aldehyde- carbonyl R-CHO
ketone- carbonyl R-CO-R
carboxylic acid- carboxyl R-COOH
ester- R-COO-R
amine- R-NH2
nitrile- R-CN triple bond

Question 5

(a) homologous series
(b) saturated and unsaturated
(c) homolytic and heterolytic fission

Answer 5

(a) homologous series-
(b) saturated-
unsaturated-
(c) homolytic-
heterolytic fission-

Question 6

(d) free radical, initiation, propagation, termination

Question 7

(e) nucleophile, electrophile, nucleophilic, electrophilic

Question 8

(f) addition, substitution, elimination, hydrolysis, condensation

Question 9

(g) oxidation and reduction

Answer 9

oxidation- loss of electron and hydrogen, gain of oxygen and oxidation no.

reduction- gain of electron and hydrogen, loss of oxygen and oxidation no.

symbol [O] represent one atom of oxygen from an oxidising agent.
symbol [H] represent one atom of hydrogen from a reducing agent.

Question 10

(a) free-radical substitution
(b) electrophilic addition
(c) nucleophilic substitution
(d) nucleophilic addition

Answer 10

use of curly arrows to represent movement of electron pairs; the arrow should begin at a bond or a lone pair of electrons.

FRS- alkanes
EA- alkene to
NS- alcohol to halogeno and reverse
NA-

Question 10

organic molecules are

shape of, and bond angles in, molecules containing sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridised atoms

arrangement of σ and π bonds in molecules containing sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridised atoms

Answer 10

straight-chained, branched or cyclic

planar when describing the arrangement of atoms in organic molecules, for example ethene

Question 11

structural isomerism

Answer 11

chain-
positional-
functional group-

Question 12

stereoisomerism

Answer 12

geometrical (cis/trans)-
optical isomerism (use of E/Z)-

Question 13

geometrical (cis/trans) isomerism in alkenes

Question 14

what is meant by a chiral centre

Answer 14

such a centre gives rise to two optical isomers (enantiomers). comounds can contain more than one chiral centre.