17. Vaccines Flashcards
FIrst known vaccination:
who?
What year?
what vaccination?
what year was it eradicated?
What did Jenner do?
What year?
WHat did Louis Pasteur do?
what year?
TYpes of Vaccination:
give examples
1. live attenuated
2. inactivated
3. subunit vaccines
4. Conjugate
5. Toxoids
PUt in order of immunogenicity and increased risk
Polysaccharide vaccines do not induce long-lasting immunity because:
A.T cells only recognize peptide-MHC complexes.
When you conjugate pollysach to protein, allows for T cell help in immune response. To develop memory B cells
what is the effect of vaccines?
CD8+ T cell responses may be activated by and be important for:
A.Live-attenuated viral vaccines (MMR)
Because Intracellular response is CD8
what is the cell response to live-attenuated?
disadvantages?
which vaccine type is T-independent?
disadvantages?
The recent resurgence of pertussis (whooping cough) is attributed to:
A.The substitution of the whole cell with the acellular pertussis vaccine in the 1990s.
what is an adjuvant?
give an example
Routes of vaccine admin
GIve charac and examples
1. Intramuscular
2. subcutaneous
3. intradermal
4. oral
5. intranasal
HIV diagnosis can be done within minutes by a rapid HIV antibody test. Why then is HIV diagnosis in infants in Africa such a problem?
A.HIV infection cannot be diagnosed in infants with an antibody test.
Too low specificity in case of infants, not sensitvity
Why is MMR recommended at 12 months in the United States and at 9 months in Africa?
A.Measles is more prevalent in Africa
Timing of Vaccination: Considerations
- Maternal Antibodies
- Maturity of immune system
- Risk of exposure to disease
A.Age at Administration
B.Spacing between doses
1.3 weeks minimum between primary doses
2.4 months minimum between primary and boosting
3.No maximum interval in terms of immune response
A.Coadministration of multiple vaccines
•Live vaccines should be given either simultaneously or > 1 month apart
•No interference with inactivated vaccines
Herd Immunity
R0
what number do you need to be aboe to stop transmission?
give example disucssed in class
Reduction of disease in an unimmunized segment of a population in which a large proportion has been immunized
If ¾ people immune, hen only transite ot 1 need to be above the R0-1/R0. need to be ABOVE number
pneumonia herd immunity
Polio outbreaks continued in Northern India with >90% of the population immune to polio, but stopped in the United States with a much lower proportion of immune individuals. Why?
A.The R0 for polio is lower in the United States.
For which infection will herd immunity not help you if you are unvaccinated?
A.Tetanus
which + vaccines means infected instead of protected?
discuss how this relates to challenges in vaccine development
+HCV means infected
+HIV means infected
+CMV means infected
+HSV means infected
other challneges in vaccine development
pahtogens that mutate
pathogens with multiple serotypes
for the 2014-15 flu season, what was the effectivenss of the vaccine?
B-23%
what is dengue fever and what is the issue with a vaccine?
what was Wakefield’s study?
what were flaws of the study?
effect?
what are real vaccination risks?
You start the HBV vaccine series but forget to go back after 6 months for the third dose. You realize this 5 years later. Do you need to restart the vaccination series?
no
