1.7 Histology of Endocrine Glands

Question 1

Define exocrine and give the different types

Answer 1

relating to or denoting glands which secrete their products through ducts opening on to an epithelium rather than directly into the blood.
Merocrine, apocrine and holocrine

Question 2

Define endocrine

Answer 2

glands which secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood.

Question 3

Define paracrine

Answer 3

a hormone which has effect only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it.

Question 4

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

Answer 4

GH, Prolactin, ACTH, Thyrotropin releasing hormone, FSH, LH

Question 5

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

Answer 5

ADH and oxytocin

Question 6

What are the three major cell types in the anterior pituitary?

Answer 6

Acidophils, basophils and chomrophobes

Question 7

What colour are acidophils and what do they secrete?

Answer 7

Pink, secrete GH and prolactin

Question 8

What colour are basophils and what do they secrete?

Answer 8

Dark purple and secrete ACTH, Thyroid stimulating hormone and the gonadotrophic hormones (LH and FSH)

Question 9

What colour are chromophobes?

Answer 9

pale staining - contain few cytoplasmic granules

Question 10

name and type of cell that secretes GH

Answer 10

Somatotroph which is an acidophil

Question 11

name and type of cell that secretes prolactin

Answer 11

Lactotroph which is an acidophil

Question 12

name and type of cell that secretes LH and FSH

Answer 12

Gonadotroph which is a basophil

Question 13

name and type of cell that secretes ACTH

Answer 13

Corticotroph which is a asophil

Question 14

name and type of cell that secretes TSH

Answer 14

Thyrotroph which is a basophil

Question 15

Which two hormones of the anterior pituitary are not under control of a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus

Answer 15

Growth hormone and Prolactin

Question 16

How is the anterior pituitary formed?

Answer 16

By an upgrowth of the primitive mouth (Rathkes pouch)

Question 17

How is the posterior pituitary formed?

Answer 17

A down growth of the brain and arises from the neurosecretory cells located in the hypothalamus

Question 18

What cells in the posterior pituitary release hormones and which hormones do they release?

Answer 18

Non myelinated axons - ADH and oxytocin

Question 19

What hormones are produced from the follicles of the thyroid and what do they do?

Answer 19

T3 and T4, they regulate the basal metabolic rate and influence growth and maturation

Question 20

What hormones are produced from the parafollicular cells of the thyroid and what do they do?

Answer 20

Calcitonin - regulates blood calcium with parathyroid hormone

Question 21

What are the cell types of the parathyroid gland?

Answer 21

Chief cells and oxyphilic cells

Question 22

What is the function of parathyroid hormone?

Answer 22

Raise amount of calcium in bloodstream, removes calcium from bones, increases amount of calcium taken from diet and decreases amount of calcium excreted in urine

Question 23

What will you see with parathyroid tumours?

Answer 23

Too much calcium in the bloodstream - psychological moans, abdominal groans, stones and bones

Question 24

What are the three layers of the cortex of the adrenal gland and what hormones do they produce?

Answer 24

Zona glomerulosa - aldosterone
Zona fasiculata - cortisol
Zona reticularis - Androgens and GCCs

Question 25

What does the medulla of the adrenal gland produce?

Answer 25

NA and A

Question 26

What are the 4 cells types of the pacreas and what hormones do they produce?

Answer 26

Beta cells - insulin
Alpha cells - glucagon
Delta cells - somatostatin
F cells - pancreatic polypeptide