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FDSC 442 > 17 - Antibiotics in the food supply > Flashcards

17 - Antibiotics in the food supply Flashcards

1
Q

where are antimicrobials applied?

A
  • human medicine
  • agricultural production
  • food processing
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2
Q

where are most antimicrobials used?

A
  • agriculture (80% in canada)
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3
Q

antibiotics used in food-producing animals help select for the presence of _____ and _____

A

antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs); antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARBs)

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4
Q

when ARGs and ARBs mix with environmental ARGs and ARBs, what can potentially happen?

A

can select to increase antimicrobial resistance

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5
Q

expand AMR

A

antimicrobial resistance

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6
Q

describe AMR

A

decreased susceptibility of microbes to a broad spectrum of single or multiple antibiotics

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7
Q

antibiotics can be classified into what 2 categories?

A

bactericidal, bacteriostatic

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8
Q

define bactericidal

A
  • kills bacteria

- targets cell structures (biosynth of cell wall or DNA)

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9
Q

what are some examples of bactericidal antibiotics?

A
  • B-lactam family
  • aminoglycosides
  • quinolones
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10
Q

define bacteriostatic

A
  • inhibit further growth

- target protein synth

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11
Q

what are some examples of bacteriostatic antibiotics?

A
  • macrolides
  • telithromycin
  • sulfonamides
  • tetracycline
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12
Q

what’s the purpose of antimicrobials in food production?

A
  • treat infected animals
  • prevent onset of infection
  • promote growth
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13
Q

what interesting thing did Denmark do in Nahyeon’s birth year? (1997)

A

banned total use of antibiotics (saw desirable results for enterococcus faecium resistance)

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14
Q

true or false: organic products can use antimircobials

A

false

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15
Q

is prevalence of pathogenic bacteria higher in organic products?

A

yes, for salmonella, toxoplasma, and campylobacter

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16
Q

what antimicrobials are used on plants?

A
  • oxytetracycline

- streptomycin

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17
Q

what antimicrobials are used for aquaculture in the US?

A
  • sulfadimethoxine
  • ormetoprim
  • sulfamerazine
  • oxytetracycline
18
Q

true or false: foreign agricultural commodities are tightly monitored

A

false - apparently not. use of imported seafood is a common reason for seizure

19
Q

can the food chain affect AMR infections in humans?

A

there’s 2 schools of thought:

  • yes: AMR foodborne pathogens are common; AMR genepool in food must be very high; it’s very likely humans are being continuously exposed to AMR genes through food chain
  • no: the actual number of pathogens in foods is very small; the actual number of AMR pathogens in food is even smaller; can ARGs really move to organisms in the GI tract?
20
Q

how can ARGs be transmitted?

A

vertical or horizontal gene transmission

21
Q

mutated and acquired AR genes are spread via….

A

vertical transmission to offspring

22
Q

what causes mutations?

A

errors in DNA synthesis, chemical change induced by mutagens, or incorrect repair of damage induced single strand breaks

23
Q

antibiotic usage appears to be (increasing/decreasing) rate of mutation overall

A

increasing

24
Q

what is vertical gene transfer?

A

transfer of genetic information, including any genetic mutations, from a parent to its offspring.

25
Q

what is horizontal gene transfer?

A

spreads genes using mobile genetic elements (plasmids, transposons, integrons)

26
Q

what processes can cause HGT?

A
  • conjugation (direct contact)
  • transformation (uptake DNA from environment)
  • transduction (bacteria to phage to new bacteria)
27
Q

vertical transmission is relatively (rapid/slow)

A

slow - mutations must accumulate & cells must divide

28
Q

HGT is (rapid/slow)

A

rapid

29
Q

true or false: HGT can cause genes to be spread across species

A

true

30
Q

which transfer (vertical or horizontal) plays a larger role in AMR?

A

horizontal

31
Q

what are the mechanisms of AMR?

A
  • export
  • destruction
  • modification
  • altered receptors
  • membrane composition
32
Q

which AMR mechanisms are specific?

A
  • export (sometimes)
  • destruction (sometimes)
  • modification
  • altered receptors
33
Q

what is Colistin?

A
  • old antibiotic not used in humans bc it’s toxic to the kidney
  • is used as a last-resort for multi-drug resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, and acinetobacter
34
Q

what gene is colistin resistant? what kind of gene transfer can it undergo?

A

MCR-1; horizontal

35
Q

what methods are there for detecting AMR?

A
  • disk diffusion method
  • Minimal Inhibitory concentration (MIC), strips and plates
  • genome sequencing
36
Q

describe the disk diffusion method

A

uses antibiotic discs placed on agar; plate incubates; sensitive bacteria show a zone of inhibition

37
Q

what factors influence the size of the zone of inhibition?

A
  • effectiveness of the antibiotic
  • rate of diffusion of antibiotic in the agar
  • molecular configuration of the antibiotic
38
Q

what do you do once you have the zone of inhibition measured?

A

consult a database to determine the bacteria’s level of antibiotic sensitivity

39
Q

using the disk diffusion method, bacteria can be concluded to be…..

A

susceptible, intermediately susceptible, or resistant

40
Q

what is MIC?

A

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration; defined as lowest concentration of a drug with no visible growth

41
Q

how do you use a MIC test strip?

A
  • put strip on agar
  • incubate plate
  • an ellipse shaped growth inhibition area is manifested
  • where ellipse meets the strip, that the MIC
42
Q

what’s a sensititre mic plate?

A
  • 96-well plates containing lyophilized antibiotics configured to determine the MCI to a variety of antibiotics
  • dilutions of bacteria are inoculated into each well
  • plates can be inspected visually or with a plate-reader

FDSC 442 (14 decks)

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