1688-c1730(5.2 Scotland)

Question 1

Why did the Glorious Revolution lead to murder in the Scottish mountains?

Answer 1

In 1692 in a cold mountain valley 38 women, men and children were murdered by government troops. They were killed by Scottish soldiers(on behalf of King William) who had spent 10 days as guests of the McDonalds enjoying their food and drink before cutting them down

Question 2

Who were the highlanders?

Answer 2

Native Gaelic-speaking people with their own culture and traditions. They had a strong warrior tradition and believed that their way of life was under threat

Question 3

Who were the lowlanders and what was their relation to the highlanders?

Answer 3

The lowlanders were English-speaking and they dominated the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh and looked down on the highlanders

Question 4

What happened when William of Orange seized the throne from James?

Answer 4

Many highlanders supported the Jacobites

Question 5

Why did the highlanders support the Jacobites?

Answer 5

> belief that James was the rightful king of Scotland-a Stuart
Scotland hadn’t been consulted about inviting William & Mary to take the throne
hatred and fear of lowlanders
conditions of poverty and frequent hunger
mistrust of government policies sometimes threatening and bribing
resentment of the Campbells(a powerful clan close to William)

Question 6

When did Queen Elizabeth 1st die?

Answer 6

1603 and without children

Question 7

What is the union of crowns?

Answer 7

When England and Scotland(2 separate nations with their own parliaments) were ruled by the same king but kept their own parliaments

Question 8

James VII of Scotland and II of England was forced to give up his throne to who and when?

Answer 8

In 1688 and to William of Orange-here Scottish people were divided

Question 9

What were the reasons for Scots to support James? (Highlanders)

Answer 9

> He was a Stuart from the ancient Scottish royal family
He was still legally king according to Scottish law
Scotland had not been consulted about the invitation to become king from members of parliament to William of Orange

Question 10

What were the reasons for Scots to support William? (Lowlanders)

Answer 10

> He was Protestant like most Scots and James’ attempts to increase rights for Catholics had been unpopular in Scotland
He was ruling jointly with his wife Mary who was James’ daughter and therefore also a Stuart from the Scottish royal family

Question 11

What was a ‘claim of right’ and when did it happen?

Answer 11

In 1689 the Scottish parliament backed Willaim in a claim of right that blamed James for the troubles and said that no Catholic could ever be king again.

Question 12

When and why did the Battle of Killiecrankie happen?

Answer 12

1689-because the Jacobites rose up in anger and government troops fought them. Although the Jacobites won the battle their leader and a third of the army was killed-a month later the rebellion collapsed at the Battle of Dunkeld

Question 13

What was Fort William?

Answer 13

When William organised a military occupation of the Highlands centred on the army base Fort William

Question 14

What did William say to the Jacobites after Fort William?

Answer 14

In 1691 he said the Jacobites would be pardoned if they came to swear allegiance to him before January 1 1962

Question 15

What was the massacre of Glencoe?

Answer 15

Alasdair Maclain was a day late to take the oath which led to the massacre of his people the MacDonalds

Question 16

Why did Scotland face economic ruin?

Answer 16

> several bad harvests in the 1690s meant famine
Scotland did have its own parliament but its ministers were appointed by William and Scotland was largely neglected
Navigation Act prevented Scottish ships being involved in trade
the EIC and RAC had a monopoly on trade which Scottish companies had no access to

Question 17

How was Scotland’s relationship with England unequal?

Answer 17

> Scotland had its own ministers but they were appointed by the king who was based in london
were neglected by kings in england + dragged into wars
throughout 1690s Scotland was poor, had failed harvests, severe famines and between 1/5 and 1/3 of the population emigrated or died

Question 18

How were the inequalities between Scotland and England made worse?

Answer 18

> navigation act prevented Scottish ships from being involved in trade to England + colonies overseas
the EIC + RAC were granted a monopoly of trade in goods and enslaved people with India + Africa
England’s involvement in foreign wars meant that trade with much of Europe was cut off

Question 19

The Darien Scheme:

Answer 19

> the 1695 highly respected banker WIlliam Patterson suggested the formation of a Scottish colony in panama called the Isthmus of Darien
the idea was that the settlement could control trade between north and south america + between the pacific and atlantic ocean
had £80 mil in support(in today’s money)

Question 20

Reasons for the failure of the darien scheme:

Answer 20

> mistakes by the sellers; poor supplies, inappropriate farming skills, lack of fresh water
conditions they face; hot humid swampy marshalnd, torrential rain, disease that spread rapidly, difficult terrain for transporting goods
undermining from England; opposition from King William + the EIC, withdrawal of support by English directors
the indigenous people of panama had a complex culture + 100 years of fighting with the spanish so had no interest + could see no advantage in an alliance with settlers who would antagonise the Spanish without having the weapons to fight them

Question 21

Why was William against the Darrien scheme and what did he do concerning it?

Answer 21

> it got in the way of his negotiations with the spanish
he stopped all the English ships + colonies from trading with the settlers
he convinced dutch investors to withdraw and refuse to sell ships to the company

Question 22

How did the EIC view the Darien scheme?

Answer 22

As a threat to the company

Question 23

Why did the Scottish parliament close itself down?

Answer 23

In the early 1700s, England was very unpopular with the Scots and anti-English riots were common.

Question 24

Arguments for union with England

Answer 24

> high position in London parliament for scottish politicians
greater security + protection from enemies
guaranteed protestant rule
free trade + improved economu

Question 25

Arguments against union with England

Answer 25

> most Scottish people were against union
loss of Scottish identity + independense; domination by England
rule by foreigners
increased taxation

Question 26

What was the 1701 Act of Settlement?

Answer 26

> established that German Hanoverians would eventually succeed to the English throne

Question 27

What did the law the Scottish parliament passed in 1703 state?

Answer 27

> it could trade wool with countries at war with England

Question 28

What was the act of anent peace and war?

Answer 28

> only the scottish parliament, not the monarch, could declare war on an enemy nation

Question 29

What was the English aliens act of 1705?

Answer 29

> threatened to punish Scotland economically with a ban on exports to England-treating all Scots as aliens if the hanoverian succession wasn’t accepted

Question 30

Why did majority in England’s parliament support the union in the end?

Answer 30

> security reasons; they were willing to make economic concessions for protection
they agreed to greater trade freedom + promised to write off the debt from the darien scheme if Scotland agreed to the union
said that the Scottish instituitions such as the church + legal system would not be changed

Question 31

When did Scotland England become one country-Great Britian?

Answer 31

May 1707

Question 32

The Hanoverian succession:

Answer 32

> none of Queen Anne’s (1701-1714) 17 children survived her
leading to her grandaughter’s son, George I, of the Germanic family becoming king of England

Question 33

The 1715 rebellion:

Answer 33

> the old pretender made a serious bid for power after George Hanover became king; the earl of mar organised an uprising intended to put Edward on the throne
he was supported by highlanders + some lowland lords
the uprising failed + James Edward was forced to leave with mar in 1716

Question 34

Who was the old pretender?

Answer 34

James Edward Stewart

Question 35

The impact of the act of the union of scotland: military control

Answer 35

> in Scottish highlands, the English formed an occupying army of well equipped, ruthless forces supported by vast sums of money gained from heavily increasing taxes
1716 disarming act made it illegal for highlanders to carry weapons
1708 cruiser and convoy act enabled protection of Scotland by the royal navy from any threat to British security

Question 36

The impact of the act of union of Scotland: political advancement

Answer 36

> were new career opportunities for leading Scottish politicains
several high ranking Scots were implicated in cases of corruption + bribery
with no Scottish parliament, gov was even more distant from lives of ordinary Scottish people, esp highlanders who felt they were being ruled by a colonial power

Question 37

The impact of the act of union of Scotland: economic benefits

Answer 37

> those who lost in the darien scheme got their money back with added interest
immigrant flemmish + irish weavers helped linen industry to grow
Glasgow became a major international port
thanks to freer trade exports of oat and grain more than doubled between 1707 and 1722
agricultural techniques improved
by 1730s economy was starting to boom

Question 38

The imapct of the act of union of Scotland: economic problems

Answer 38

> was no sudden prosperity; many industries struggled eg paper industry
after 1710, taxes and customs were heavily increased
as a result of high taxes, smuggling was common
Scottish industry couldn’t compete with England’s so much of Scottish wealth was moved to London

Question 39

The impact of the act of union of Scotland: social change

Answer 39

> were regular protests against the union
malt tax led to riots across Scotalnd 1725
1724 levellers ‘fence smashing’ movement was in response to landlords who were encolsing their land for sheep farming + evicting poor tenants who became homeless + unemployed
so being in Britain meant prosperity + higher living standard for lowlanders but more poverty for highlanders and eventually destruction of their way of life

Question 40

Background of Scotland(baby+James)

Answer 40

> 1688 James 2nd of England a Catholic and his wife had a baby boy
Parliament were horrified and decided to act by inviting James’ Protestant daughter Mary and William to come to England to take the crown
bloodless change of monarch was called the Glorious Revolution and marked the last time a Catholic sat on the English throne

Question 41

What was the Navigation Act and when?

Answer 41

It was preventing Scottish trade entirely in 1664

Question 42

How did William assert control of Scotland?

Answer 42

> 1689 Scotttish Parliament backed William in a ‘claim of right’ promting the Jacobites to rebel
won at the Battle of Killiecrankie but lost later at the Battle of Dunkeld

Question 43

Why did the Scottish Parliament close itself down?

Answer 43

> William and Mary didn’t have children and Parliament wanted to decide who would succeed the throne
so in 1701 they passed the Act of Settlement which said the German Hanoverians would succeed the English throne(they were Protestants)
Scottish Parliament didn’t accept this and wanted to decide who would be king of Scotalnd so passed the Act of Security-also said Scotland could trade with countries that were at war with England
English parliament were worreid because they didn’t want another Jacobite rebellion and they were facing war with France so needed Scotland

Question 44

Reasons for the union with England being good for Scotland

Answer 44

> investors in the Darien scheme got their money back
more prosperity for Scotland being in GB
Scottish merchants set up profitable businesses in London
many Scottish people become involved in the growth of the British Empire

Question 45

Reasons for the union with England being bad for Scotland

Answer 45

> no Scottish government so the government in London felt more distant from the lives of ordinary Scottish people
after 1710 taxes were raised a lot causing suffering for many
Scottish wealth moved to London

Question 46

timeline from abi’s ipad