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Pathophysiology > 16. Neuro: Disorders of CNS and PNS > Flashcards

16. Neuro: Disorders of CNS and PNS Flashcards

1
Q

Most common locations of vertebral injuries

A
  • cervical (1,2,4-7) - T1-L2
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2
Q

bleeding within the brain

A

intracerebral hematoma

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3
Q

spinal injury due to direct contusion of the spinal cord by bone/disk material in the spinal canal (crushed vertebral body); caused by forced applied at top of head

A

vertical/axial compression

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4
Q

spinal injury that includes shearing force to the acceleration force and ruptures support ligaments in addition to producing fractures

A

rotational injury

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5
Q

displacement of the nucleus pulposus or annulus fibrosis beyond the intervertebral disk space -> nucleus pulposus extrudes and compresses nerve roots

A

herniated intervertebral disk

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6
Q

aneurysm that results from diffuse arteriosclerotic changes and are found most commonly in the basilar arteries or terminal portions of the internal carotid arteries

A

fusiform (giant) aneurysms

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7
Q

inflammation of the brain and spinal cord; can be viral, fungal, or bacterial

A

meningitis

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8
Q

mass of dilated vessels between the arterial and venous system without an intervening capillary bed; usually present at birth but symptoms have delayed onset (before 30 y/o)

A

arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

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9
Q

causes of cerebral infarction

A
  • abrupt vascular occlusion (thrombosis/emboli) - gradual vessel occlusion - partial occlusion of stenotic vessels - may also be hemorrhagic in nature
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10
Q

spinal injury that causes wedge/compression fracture of vertebral body and compresses spinal cord parenchyma or vascular structures

A

hyperflexion spinal injury

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11
Q

straitening of knee w/ hip and knee flexed produces pain in back and neck regions

A

Kernig sign

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12
Q

How is myasthenia gravis diagnosed and treated?

A

AChE inhibitors (Tensilon)

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13
Q

clinical manifestations meningitis

A
  • headache and AMS - phonophobia - photophobia - neck stiffness - high fever - petechial rash (if meningococcal infection)
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14
Q

results when an area of the brain loses its blood supply

A

cerebral infarction

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15
Q

stroke usually caused by occlusion of a single, deep perforating artery that supplies small penetrating subcortical vessels; will have pure motor or sensory deficits

A

lacunar stroke

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16
Q

brain injury at the site of impact

A

coup injury

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17
Q

acquired inflammatory disease causing demyelination of the peripheral nerves w/ relative sparing of axons; acute onset w/ ascending motor paralysis that usually occurs after respiratory or GI infection

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome

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18
Q

most common type of brain aneurysm that is usually due to congenital abnormalities in the arterial wall; occur in large intracranial vessels and will cause subarachnoid hemorrhage if ruptured

A

saccular (berry) aneurysms

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19
Q

bleeding between the dura mater and the skull; artery usually source of bleeding and usually accompanied by a skull fracture

A

epidural hematoma

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20
Q

ballooning and weakening of a blood vessel in the brain

A

intracranial aneurysm

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21
Q

trauma that penetrates the dura mater; involves compound skull fractures

A

open brain injury

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22
Q

symptoms of intracranial tumors

A
  • focal deficits depending on location - cerebral edema - IICP sxs (AMS, headache, vomiting, seizures, unsteady gait, loss of sphincter control)
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23
Q

passive flexion of neck produces neck pain and increased rigidity

A

Brudzinski sign

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24
Q

associated w/ systemic hypo perfusion caused by heart failure, pulmonary embolism, or bleeding that causes inadequate blood supply to the brain

A

hypoperfusion/hemodynamic stroke

25
Q

most common causes of autonomic dysreflexia

A

distended bladder or rectum; also caused by pain receptors in the skin, penis, and uterus

26
Q

spinal injury that causes dislocation of posterior elements and compression of spinal cord

A

hyperextension spinal injury

27
Q

Most common area of the head epidural hematomas are seen

A

temporal fossa

28
Q

a mass of blood is formed as bleeding continues into the brain -> adjacent brain tissue is displaced and compressed -> causes ischemia, edema, IICP, and necrosis

A

hemorrhagic stroke

29
Q

normal activity of the spinal cord ceases at and below the level of injury due to lack of continuous nervous discharges from the brain; transient

A

spinal shock

30
Q

most common cause of spinal cord trauma

A

vertebral injuries

31
Q

in autonomic dysreflexia, what parasympathetic response will occur above lesion (4)?

A
  • arterial dilation - flushed skin - headache - sweating
32
Q

causes of spinal shock

A

presence of hemorrhage or edema at the spinal cord; also due to transection of the cord which would not be transient

33
Q

clinical manifestation of spinal shock

A

complete loss of reflex function (skeletal, bladder, bowel, sexual function, thermal control, and autonomic control) below level of lesion

34
Q

a process of normal aging as a response to continuous vertical compression of the spine (axial loading)

A

degenerative disk disease (DDD)

35
Q

occurs when there is obstruction to arterial blood flow to the brain from thrombus formation, an embolus, or hypo perfusion related to decreased blood volume or heart failure

A

ischemic stroke

36
Q

acute febrile illness, usually of viral origin, with nervous system involvement

A

encephalitis

37
Q

condition due to a compressed nerve in the spine that can cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness along the course of the nerve/dermatome

A

radiculopathy

38
Q

involves fragments that break from a thrombus formed outside the brain (usually heart, aorta, or common carotid)

A

embolic stroke

39
Q

Blunt trauma to the head can result in what types of brain injuries that can occur at the same time?

A

focal brain injury and diffuse axonal injury

40
Q

fracture that opens a communication between cranial contents and the environment -> increased risk of infection

A

compound skull fracture

41
Q

where do embolic strokes usually occur?

A

small brain vessels or bifurcations (narrowing)

42
Q

escape of blood from a defective or injured vessel into the subarachnoid space; often due to ruptured aneurysms

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)

43
Q

syndrome of sudden, massive reflex sympathetic discharge associated w/ spinal cord injury at T6 or above where descending inhibition is blocked

A

autonomic hyperreflexia (dysreflexia)

44
Q

episode of neurological dysfunction lasting no more than 1 hour and resulting from focal cerebral ischemia

A

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

45
Q

chronic autoimmune disease where IgG antibodies are produced against ACh receptors -> block binding of ACh and decrease muscle contraction

A

myasthenia gravis

46
Q

in autonomic dysreflexia, stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system will cause what (4)?

A
  • vasoconstriction - hypertension - skin pallor - pilomotor spasms (goosebumps)
47
Q

symptoms of myasthenia gravis

A
  • weakness and fatigue - ptosis (drooping of eyelid) - diplopia - difficulty chewing
48
Q

chronic inflammatory disease involving degeneration of CNS myelin, scarring (sclerosis or plaque formation), and loss of axons

A

multiple sclerosis

49
Q

Most common causes of encephalitis

A
  • bites from mosquitoes, ticks, or flies - HSV1
50
Q

bleeding between the dura mater and the brain; vein usually source of bleeding

A

subdural hematoma

51
Q

fracture at the base of the skull; pts can leak spinal fluid from their ears/nose and have raccoon eyes

A

basilar skull fracture

52
Q

4 types of vertebral injuries

A
  • simple fracture - compressed fracture (wedge; vertebral body compressed anteriorly) - comminuted fracture (vertebral body shattered into several fragments) - dislocation
53
Q

fracture of the lamina (usually in the lumbar region; L5) and it causes a separation between adjacent vertebrae

A

spondylolysis

54
Q

secondary to spondylolysis; anterior displacement (sliding) of the inferior vertebral segment

A

spondylolisthesis

55
Q

arise from arterial occlusions caused by thrombi formation in arteries supplying the brain or intracranial vessels

A

thrombotic stroke

56
Q

3 types of back pain and what causes them

A
  • muscular: result of spasm in tissue producing ischemia - joint: usually due to osteoarthritis or disease arthritis - fibroskeletal: usually due to fractures/dislocation of ligamentous structures
57
Q

Explain the cause of autonomic dysreflexia

A
  • sensory receptors below level of cord lesion are stimulated - intact autonomic nervous system reflexively responds -> increase BP (sympathetics) - baroreceptors in cerebral vessels, carotid sinus, and aorta sense HTN and stimulate parasympathetics - HR decreases but vessels don’t dilate because efferent impulses can’t pass through cord
58
Q

injury from the brain rebounding and hitting opposite side of skull after impact

A

contrecoup injury

59
Q

narrowing of the spinal canal that causes pressure on the spinal nerves or cord and can be congenital or acquired (more common); associated w/ trauma and arthritis

A

spinal stenosis

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

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