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Pathophysiology > 11. Cancer Epidemiology > Flashcards

11. Cancer Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

most frequently dx cancers

A

prostate and breast cancer

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2
Q

for which cancers have death rates been increasing?

A

pancreas, liver, uterus and for melanoma in men

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3
Q

important factor in development of cancer -> causes cell mutation

A

chronic inflammation

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4
Q

Explain how cytokines can lead to cell mutation

A

cytokines are supposed to help the inflammatory process but when overproduced -> cause damage to tissues

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5
Q

leading cause of preventable death in the US

A

tobacco (any type or kind)

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6
Q

Who is at greatest risk of lung cancer?

A

nonsmokers who live with smokers through environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)

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7
Q

2 types of ETS

A
  • sidestream smoke (comes from burning end of cigarette) - mainstream smoke (exhaled from smoker)
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8
Q

Risk factor for cancers of the lung, lower urinary tract, upper aerodigestive, liver, kidney, pancreas, cervix, uterus, and myeloid leukemia

A

tobacco

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9
Q

What are some dietary sources of carcinogens?

A
  • cooking fat, meat, or protein - naturally occurring carcinogens associated w/ plant food substances (alkaloids or mold byproducts)
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10
Q

3 factors related to obesity and cancer

A
  • insulin-IGF-1 axis - sex hormones - adipokines or adipocyte-derived cytokines
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11
Q

What type of cancer are obese women at increased risk of and why?

A

breast cancer due to increased estrogen in their tissues

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12
Q

Explain the metabolic alternations that occur in adipose tissue from obesity

A

changes include insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypoxia, and chronic inflammation

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13
Q

Risk factor for oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, colorectal, and breast cancers

A

alcohol consumption

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14
Q

T/F: there is no “safe limit” of alcohol intake

A

True

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15
Q

4 reasons that physical activity reduces cancer risk

A
  • decreases insulin and insulin-like growth factors - decreases obesity - decreases inflammatory mediators and free radicals - increases gut motility
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16
Q

What risk for cancer is dose related?

A

ionizing radiation

17
Q

Where is ionizing radiation (IR) found today?

A
  • diagnostic testing (Xray, CT, radioisotopes) - environment (radon from soil) - radiation therapy for cancer
18
Q

T/F: radiation induced cancer occurs rapidly

A

False; latent period (usually 5-10 years)

19
Q

directly radiated cells can lead to genetic effects in innocent cells that received no direct radiation exposure

A

bystander effect

20
Q

cells not directly exposed to radiation but progeny of cells that were irradiated many cell divisions previously may express high level of gene mutations

A

genomic instability

21
Q

term for bystander effect and genomic instability

A

“nontargeted” effects

22
Q

sources of ultraviolet (UV) radiation

A
  • sunlight - electric lights - black lights - tanning lamps
23
Q

What types of UV wavelengths cause the most damage?

A
  • UVA: weaker than UVB but penetrates deeper into skin and more constant throughout the year - UVB: affects the outer layers of the skin
24
Q

3 effects of UVA and UVB

A
  • released TNF-a in epidermis - production of ROS - promotes skin inflammation and release of free radicals
25
Q

3 types of skin cancer

A
  • basal cell carcinoma (BCC) - squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) - melanoma (melanocytes)
26
Q

incidence of BCC and SCC strongly correlate with what?

A

lifetime sunlight exposure

27
Q

What types of individuals are at higher risk for skin cancer?

A
  • light/pale skin - freckle easily - light eyes - red hair
28
Q

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is associated w/ what cancer?

A

75-89% of all stomach cancers

29
Q

HBV and HCV accounts for majority of what type of cancer?

A

liver cancer

30
Q

EBV is linked to what types of cancers?

A

nasopharynx and Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

31
Q

What types of HPV are responsible for majority of cancers

A

HPV types 16 and 18

32
Q

6 types of cancers associated w/ HPV

A
  • cervix - penis - vulva - anus - oropharynx (tongue and tonsils)
33
Q

outdoor pollution is associated with what type of cancer?

A

lung cancer

34
Q

Where are exposure levels to radon the greatest?

A

underground mines

35
Q

Type of lung cancers caused by radon

A

bronchogenic; can also cause small cell carcinoma in underground mines

36
Q

Asbestos causes what types of cancers

A

mesothelioma and lung cancer

37
Q

Manufactured dyes, rubber, paint, and aromatic amines have been linked to what cancer?

A

bladder cancer

38
Q

3 main factors that lead to altered epigenomic marks

A
  • lifestyle - carcinogen exposures - occupational exposures

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

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