1.6 Lesson Flashcards
Possessive adjectives and pronouns, diminutives, family relationships, and the common verb TENER ("to have")
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My family is very big
Mi familia es muy grande
family - la familia
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My father is working upstairs
Mi padre está trabajando arriba
father - el padre, el papá. Note that papá translates as “dad” and is a more affectionate way of saying padre
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My parents don’t speak Spanish
Mis padres no hablan español
Note that mi becomes mis when the noun being modified (e.g. “parents”) is plural
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Your dad is angry with you because you do not study
Tu papá está enojado contigo porque tú no estudias
your - tu. Note that in the possessive, tu does not have an accent mark, although it is pronounced exactly the same as tú (“you”)
What is the difference between the words tú and tu?
- Tú is the second person singular pronoun “you”
- Tu is the second person singular possessive adjective “your”
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Does your mother speak English?
¿Habla tu madre inglés?
Note that Spanish does not have an equivalent helping verb to the English word “do”. Instead, we simply begin the question with the conjugated verb, and place the subject directly after it
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Your brother is studying art at the university
Tu hermano está estudiando arte en la universidad
brother - el hermano
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My sister is a mathematics student at a university in Spain
Mi hermana es una estudiante de matemáticas en una universidad en España
sister - la hermana
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Your (ud) brother is right there, in front of my tall sister
Su hermano está allí, en frente de mi hermana alta
Your (ud) - su
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My son is going to school with your (ud) son
Mi hijo está yendo a la escuela con su hijo
son - el hijo
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Your (ud) daughter is bored from so much studying
Su hija está aburrida de tanto estudiar
daughter - la hija
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My dad is a doctor
Mi papá es médico
doctor - el médico. Note that in Spanish the indefinite article is not used after ser when the noun is not modified. However, “My dad is an old doctor” would be Mi papá es un médico viejo
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His mother is not American; she is from México
Su madre no es americana; es de México
his, her - su. Note that both usted and él / ella pronouns take the possessive form su
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Her husband is a teacher; therefore he is busy teaching his students
Su esposo es maestro; entonces está ocupado enseñando a sus estudiantes
husband - el esposo, el marido. Note that the possessive adjective su becomes plural (sus) when the noun it modifies is plural
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My wife is very good-looking
Mi esposa es muy guapa
wife - la esposa
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Come on, it’s not hard
Vaya, no es difícil
come on - vaya
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Your sisters are running
Tus hermanas están corriendo
Remember that possessive adjectives always agree in number with the noun that they describe. Tu hermana becomes Tus hermanas
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Our house is way over there
Nuestra casa está allá
our - nuestro. Note that nuestro(a) agrees in both number and gender with the noun that it describes, not with the speaker’s number or gender
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There are a lot of students in this classroom
Hay muchos estudiantes en esta clase
there is, there are - hay. Note that hay is the third person “impersonal” conjugation of the auxiliary verb haber, which we will learn more about later
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Our uncles are reading some very good books
Nuestros tíos están leyendo unos libros muy buenos
uncle - el tío
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Our aunts are angry because we do not go to college
Nuestras tías están enojadas porque no vamos a la universidad
aunt - la tía
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Your cousin (f.) is our friend
Tu prima es nuestra amiga
cousin - el primo, la prima
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The house over there is your (vosotros) house, right?
La casa allá es vuestra casa, ¿verdad?
your (de vosotros) - vuestro. Note that like nuestro(a), vuestro(a) also agrees with the noun that it describes in number and gender
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Is your grandfather sick?
¿Está enfermo tu abuelo?
grandfather- el abuelo
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Is it true that your grandmothers are writing letters from Spain?
¿Es verdad que tus abuelas están escribiendo cartas de España?
grandmother - la abuela
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Your (ud) grandson is a student that is learning a lot
Su nieto es un estudiante que está aprendiendo mucho
grandson - el nieto
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Is your (ud) granddaughter a student at the university?
¿Su nieta es estudiante en la universidad?
granddaughter - la nieta
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Your brother is writing his essays
Su hermano está escribiendo sus ensayos
your (ellos) - su. Note that the same possessive pronoun su is used for él, ella, ud., ellos, ellas, and uds. It must always agree with the number of the noun it modifies: su ensayo becomes sus ensayos
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Their (ustedes) nephews are here in the United States
Sus sobrinos están aquí en los Estados Unidos
nephew - el sobrino
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Our nieces are sick so they are at home
Nuestras sobrinas están enfermas entonces están en casa
niece - la sobrina
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Their boyfriends are going to Mexico
Sus novios están yendo a México
boyfriend - el novio
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Is your girlfriend a student here?
¿Es tu novia una estudiante aquí?
girlfriend - la novia
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When are you going to your grandmother’s house?
¿Cuándo vas a la casa de tu abuela?
when? - ¿cuándo?
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When I work, I do not talk to my friends
Cuando trabajo, no hablo con mis amigos
when - cuando. Note that cuándo is used to form a question while cuando is a subordinating conjunction
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When is your birthday?
¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños?
birthday - el cumpleaños
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María eats a lot, but she does not eat everything
María come mucho, pero no come todo
but - pero
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I am blond, but my sister is not blond
Soy rubio, pero mi hermana no es rubia
blond - rubio
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Your sisters are blond and white
Tus hermanas son rubias y blancas
white - blanco
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Three of my brothers are dark-skinned and two are white
Tres de mis hermanos son morenos y dos son blancos
dark-skinned - moreno
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I think that my cousins are very ugly
Creo que mis primos son muy feos
ugly - feo
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Your brothers are very strong, but you are not strong
Tus hermanos son muy fuertes, pero tú no eres fuerte
strong - fuerte. Note that fuerte does not vary according to gender, only according to number
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Are your aunts blonde, tall, and thin?
¿Son tus tías rubias, altas y delgadas?
thin - delgado, flaco. Note that delgado is more neutral, whereas flaco can mean very skinny
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My brothers are very small
Mis hermanos son muy pequeños
small, little - pequeño
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All of my uncles are young
Todos mis tíos son jóvenes
young - joven. Note that some words are written with an accent only in the plural, in order to keep the spoken emphasis on the right syllable
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Is your grandmother very old?
¿Es muy vieja tu abuela?
old (elderly) - viejo. Note that viejo can also be used to describe objects
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He is my old friend
Él es mi viejo amigo
old (long-time) - viejo. If viejo is used before the noun, it means “long-time” (e.g. “an old friend”). If used after the noun, it means “elderly”
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My aunt is single
Mi tía es soltera
single - soltero. Note that in Spanish you must use ser + soltero, rather than estar.
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My uncle Rafa is not single, but his sister is single
Mi tío Rafa no es soltero, pero su hermana sí es soltera
Note that sí is commonly used to reaffirm or emphasize a statement or fact
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My cousin isn’t married; she’s single
Mi prima no está casada; es soltera.
married - casado. Note that although most Spanish-speakers will say está casado, some say es casado
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Are you going to see your friends?
¿Vas a ver a tus amigos?
Note the use of the word a where in the English translation there is no preposition. In Spanish, when the direct object of a verb is a person, you must use the “personal a”
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My cousin is recently married
Mi prima está recién casada
recently - recién. This is the shortened form of recientemente and is more common when used before a past participle
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Marcos is my only cousin
Marcos es mi único primo
the only - el único. If único is used before the noun, it means “the only.” If used after the noun, it means “unique”
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It is a unique book
Es un libro único
unique - único. If único is used before the noun, it means “the only.” If used after the noun, it means “unique”
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Certain students do not want to study. Right, Jimena and Ricardo?
Ciertos estudiantes no quieren estudiar. ¿Verdad, Jimena y Ricardo?
certain - cierto. If cierto is used before a noun, it means “certain.” Otherwise, it means “sure” or “definite.”
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It isn’t true that Miguel is Sara’s cousin?
¿No es cierto que Miguel es primo de Sara?
true - cierto. We can also use the word verdadero to mean “true”, derived from the word verdad (“truth”)
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Your cousin Marta is older than my oldest brother
Tu prima Marta es mayor que mi hermano mayor
older - mayor. Note that mayor is used to compare ages and can mean both “older” and “oldest”
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His father is younger than my youngest uncle
Su papá es menor que mi tío menor
younger, youngest - menor
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My brother’s wedding is in eight days
La boda de mi hermano es en ocho días
wedding - la boda
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My sister’s baby is my niece
La bebé de mi hermana es mi sobrina
baby - el/la bebé. Note that the word bebé does not change according to gender, but the article used with it (el or la) does change
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The books are mine
Los libros son míos
mine - mío. Note that possessive pronouns agree in number and in gender with the object possessed, not with the number and gender of the subject or owner
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Is it (the pen) yours?
Es tuyo (el bolígrafo)? OR Es tuya (la pluma)?
yours - tuyo. Note that although the possessive pronoun replaces the noun possessed, the noun can be repeated for emphasis or to clarify which object you are speaking about
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They are not my essays; are they his?
No son mis ensayos; ¿son suyos?
his, hers, yours (de ud), theirs - suyo
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It is not Roberto’s car; is it yours (ud)?
No es el carro de Roberto; ¿es suyo?
car - el carro, el coche
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They are our houses. They are ours
Son nuestras casas. Son nuestras
ours - nuestro. Note that in the first sentence, nuestras is used as a possessive adjective, while in the second sentence, nuestras is used as a possessive pronoun.
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They are not your shoes, they are mine
No son tus zapatos, son míos
shoe - el zapato
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They are not our teachers; they are yours (vosotros)
No son nuestros maestros, son vuestros
yours (vosotros) - vuestro
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The photos are theirs
Las fotos son suyas
theirs - suyo. Remember that “theirs”, “his”, “hers” , “yours (Ud)”, and “yours (plural)” all take the same possessive pronoun suyo. The antecedent is usually clear due to the context of the sentence
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The chairs that are over there are not yours (uds)
Las sillas que están allá no son suyas
yours (uds) - suyo. If we want to specify “yours” to eliminate ambiguity, we can say No son de Ud.
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They are not my computers; they are his
No son mis computadoras; son suyas
computer - la computadora, el computador, el ordenador. Note that la computadora or el computador are used in Latin America, whereas el ordenador is used in Spain
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Each computer is new
Cada ordenador es nuevo
each - cada
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Fernando and Elena are going to type their essays
Fernando y Elena van a escribir sus ensayos a máquina
to type - escribir a máquina. (Máquina literally means “machine”)
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Whose house is it?
¿De quién es la casa?
whose - ¿De quién?
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Whose idea is it?
It is mine!
¿De quién es la idea?
¡Es mía!
idea - la idea
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It is your phone. It is yours
Es tu teléfono. Es tuyo
phone - el teléfono
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to have
tener
to have - tener. Note that tener is an irregular stem-changing verb
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I have six cousins that live in Madrid
Tengo seis primas que viven en Madrid
I have - tengo
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You have five art classes in the building that is over there
Tú tienes cinco clases de arte en el edificio que está allá
you have - tienes. Note that the stem of tener changes from e to ie when making this verb form. Many other verbs change their stem in the present tense for you, he/she, and they/you all, as we will see
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I am very hungry
Tengo mucha hambre
hunger - el hambre (fem.). Notice that in Spanish you literally say “to have hunger”. This construction is also used for other conditions as you will see later. Also notice that hambre is feminine but takes a masculine article for phonetic reasons
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She is not hungry because she is eating
Ella no tiene hambre porque está comiendo
he/she has - tiene
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How many bikes do you have?
¿Cuántas bicis tienes?
bicycle (bike) - la bicicleta (bici)
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Juan is the man whose mother has a new car
Juan es el hombre cuya mamá tiene un carro nuevo
whose - cuyo. Note that cuyo is only a relative pronoun. To translate the English word “whose” in a question format, use ¿de quién? (e.g. “Whose pencil is this?” - ¿De quién es este lápiz?)
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What’s wrong?
¿Qué tienes?
What’s wrong? - ¿Qué tienes?. This literally means “What do you have?”, as in some sort of ailment or condition
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He is sleepy
Él tiene sueño
sleepiness - el sueño. Note that the English of “He is sleepy” translates literally to “He has sleepiness” in Spanish. Un sueño also means “a dream”
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Are you (usted) thirsty?
¿Tiene sed?
thirst - la sed. Like with the phrase Tengo hambre (“I am hungry”), we express “being thirsty” by saying “to have thirst”, or tener sed.
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I’m very embarrassed!
¡Tengo mucha vergüenza!
to be embarassed - tener vergüenza, (literally, to have shame). Be careful not to confuse this with embarazada, which means “pregnant”!
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We do not have cousins that live in Mexico
No tenemos primos que viven en México
we have - tenemos
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You (uds) have a lot of books in Spanish
Ustedes tienen muchos libros en español
you (uds) have - tienen
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You (vosotros) are very thirsty
Vosotros tenéis mucha sed
you (vosotros) have - tenéis
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Carlos and Liliana have a big family
Carlos y Liliana tienen una familia grande
they have - tienen
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They have to walk more quickly because we are in a hurry
Tienen que caminar más rápido porque tenemos prisa
to be in a hurry - tener prisa. Note that tener prisa literally translates as “to have hurry”
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TO HAVE
- I have
- You have
- He/She has
- We have
- You have
- They have
TENER
- Yo tengo
- Tú tienes
- Él/Ella/Ud tiene
- Nosotros tenemos
- Vosotros tenéis
- Ellos/Ellas/Uds tienen
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How many cousins (fem) do you have?
¿Cuántas primas tienes?
how many? - ¿cuántos?. Note that if the object is non-quantifiable, you would say cuánto, which translates as “How much?” (e.g. “How much money is there? - ¿Cuánto dinero hay?)
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How old are you?
I am twenty-five years old
¿Cuántos años tienes?
Tengo veinticinco años
I am __ years old - tengo __ años. Note that the literal translation is “I have twenty five years”
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My uncle and I have to sell my grandfather’s house
Mi tío y yo tenemos que vender la casa de mi abuelo
to have to - tener que. Note that after tener que you must use an infinitive
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I have to study because I have a test
Tengo que estudiar porque tengo una prueba
test - el exámen, la prueba. Note that the usage of examen and prueba to mean “test” differs by region
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My sister and I are not scared
Mi hermana y yo no tenemos miedo
fear - el miedo. Note that “to be scared” is translated tener miedo, or “to have fear”
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Is your grandmother very cold?
¿Tiene mucho frío tu abuela?
cold - el frío. “To be cold” is translated as tener frío, or “to have coldness”
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Are you very hot?
¿Tienes mucho calor?
heat - el calor. “To be hot” is translated as tener calor, or “to have heat”. Be careful not to use the adjective caliente (“hot”) to describe a person, since it can mean “horny”!
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Mariana has to help her mom every day
Mariana tiene que ayudar a su mamá todos los días
to help - ayudar
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Rodrigo has to accompany his younger brother to school
Rodrigo tiene que acompañar a su hermano menor a la escuela
to accompany, to go with - acompañar
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My little cousin (f.) is blonde
Mi primita es rubia
diminuitive - ito, -ita. Note that you form a diminuitive by adding -ito or -ita at the end of a noun or adjective ending in -o or -a. So, primo becomes primito
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Is the baby very tiny?
¿Es pequeñita la bebé?
Note that adjectives can be made diminutive as well as nouns. Muy pequeño becomes pequeñito
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I am going to visit my dear grandmother
Voy a visitar a mi abuelita
Note that we may use the diminutive ending -ita/-ito to connote affection. This does not necessarily mean that my grandmother is tiny!
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My grandson is not drinking coffee
Mi nieto no está tomando café
coffee - el café
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Are you drinking tea?
¿Estás tomando té?
tea - el té
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Pedro’s uncle is drinking a little coffee
El tío de Pedro está tomando un cafecito
diminuitive- cito, cita. Note that you form a diminuitive by adding -cito or -cita at the end of a noun or adjective ending in -e or in a consonant. Diminuitives are often used in Spanish-speaking cultures and there are other suffixes, but -ito, -ita, -cito, and -cita are most common
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My mother is happy because she is on vacation
Mi madre está contenta porque está de vacaciones
mother - la madre, la mamá. Note that mamá translates as “mom” and is a more affectionate way of saying madre
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My aunt is pregnant
Mi tía está embarazada
pregnant - embarazada
