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Boreal Ecology > 16 - Invasive Species > Flashcards

16 - Invasive Species Flashcards

1
Q

why aren’t polar bears in antarctica?

A

dispersal barrier

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2
Q

what prevents species from dispersing globally?

A

geographical barriers such as oceans, mountains, deserts, lg lakes

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3
Q

who is the “father of biogeography”?

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

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4
Q

what did alfred do

A

outline 6 global biodiversity realms

each divided by geographical barriers

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5
Q

what global biodiversity realms are we talking about in this class?

A

nearctic

palaearctic

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6
Q

define invasive species

A

Species that is exotic and a considered to be a threat

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7
Q

species are being spread at _____ times greater rate than natural dispersal bc of humans

A

50, 000

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8
Q

define exotic species

A

from another part of the world

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9
Q

define introduced species

A

implies introduction but not a threat

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10
Q

define alien species

A

implies introduction to a particular ecosystem

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11
Q

define invasive species

A

exotic AND a threat to native species

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12
Q

define non-native species

A

species introduced by humans and includes those that naturally invade as a result of human-caused envr changes

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13
Q

list the 5 steps in the classical mode of invasion

A 
regional species pool
biogeographic filter
physiological filter
biotic filter
local assemblage
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14
Q

what 3 factors are needed for establishment?

A

dispersal across barriers
colonization in acceptable numbers
successful reproduction

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15
Q

at what step does human introductions interfere?

A

biogeographic filter

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16
Q

list two introduced species discussed in class

A

european starling

crested mynah

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17
Q

what allows invaders to invade?

A

broad environmental tolerance

local adaptation

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18
Q

Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability Hyp

A
  1. usually a lag period between the time of introduction and point its considered invasive
  2. invasive plants seem to be more virulent in introduced habitats compared to native habitats
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19
Q

under identical growing conditions, species will produce ____ biomass in area where its been introduced vs native

A

more

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20
Q

invasive species will exhibit ___ herbivore defense rates in introduced range

A

lower

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21
Q

___ fitness when it becomes invasive than at time of intro

A

greater

22
Q

example of non-native plant in MB talked about in class

A

purple loosestrife

23
Q

Describe the “enemy release” hyp

A

species in native range are suppressed by natural enemies.
when in new area, alien species often arrive as seeds so they have escaped from their enemies and are no longer affected by biotic constraints

24
Q

T/F invasives accumulante pathogens @ faster rate

A

False

bc they escape harmful pathogens when invading foreign territory

25
Q

virus vs fungi as pathogens

A

viruses are much more easily transported and have a broader range of hosts than fungi

26
Q

pros and cons of escape from biotic constraints hyp

A

pros: intuitively clear, strong evidence in many cases, underlying concept for biological control

cons: assume: native specialist enemies left behind, host swiping doesn’t occur.
other stuff

27
Q

two hypotheses for what makes a species invasive

A

Enemy release

Biodiversity hyp

28
Q

Explain the biodiversity hypothesis

what is this for?

A

what makes a species invaisve

high biodiversity - high community stability
TF stable communities are not invaded

29
Q

T/F invaders do better with increased native diversity

A

False

30
Q

how does vulnerability to invasive species change WITHIN ecosystems and AMONG ecosystems

A

within = more species, less invasable

among = more diverse systems, more vulnerable

31
Q

T/F native species diversity generally decrease with increasing latitude

A

True

32
Q

T/F non-native species diversity generally decreases with increasing latitude

A

IDK - little understanding of status of invasive species in the boreal forest

33
Q

why is there little understanding of the status of invasive species in the boreal?

A

extreme climate, low biodiversity, poor resource availability are hostile to introduced spp
much of the forest is undisturbed - reducing susceptibility
researchers aren’t looking

34
Q

why is boreal forest resistant to invasion by exotic plants?

A
  • most invasive plants are weedy and those don’t do well in boreal conditions (low light, low nutrients, low ph)
  • native species with higher recruitment, survival and growth
  • distance from seed source populations
  • low anthropogenic dist
  • non-vascular plants are large component of the plant community
35
Q

__ % of non-native plant species were deliberately introduced to canada

A

58%

36
Q

list modes of entry of non-native species into canada

A
  • ballast of sailing ships
  • dung/fur of domestic animals
  • ornamental trees & shrubs
  • airplanes and ships
  • untreated solid wood packing materials
37
Q

methods of deliberate introductions

A
  • silk production
  • ornamentals
  • forage/food crops
  • research
  • biological control
  • improving soil conditions
38
Q

how are humans aiding in the movement of established non-native species in the boreal?

A
  • commercial transport of goods
  • hitchiking on humans/means of transportation/pets
  • abandonment of bait in natural areas (worms)
  • creation of disturbed habitats that promote dispersal
39
Q

2 examples of mammals that humans have increased the geographical range of intentionally

A

moose on newfoundland

wtd to antipasti island in self of st lawrence

40
Q

non-native biota of the boreal zone mostly associated with disturbed ________ habitats

A

anthropogenic habitats

41
Q

at what level of disturbance is diversity highest for native and end exotic species?

A

native: intermediate disturbance hyp
exotic: higher with greater anthropogenic disturbance

42
Q

T/F management of non-native species is most commonly initiated when the species is considered to have a negative effect on commercial-economic interests

A

T

43
Q

4 diseases from non-native species

A

west nile virus
dutch elm disease
infectious salmon anemia
chronic wasting disease

44
Q

T/F plants and inverts make up the most invaders in the great lakes

A

T

45
Q

what is the most significant invasion vector in the st lawrence seaway? why?

A

ships

ballast water

46
Q

3 ways to determine where the invasive species originated

A

track vector
look @ pathways of airlines/ships
assess genetic composition of pop’s in introduced areas and source areas

47
Q

most invaders began in ____

A

northern black sea region

~Eastern Europe

48
Q

list some aquatic invasive species

A

fishhook flea
spiny waterflea
zebra mussels

49
Q

greatest threat to biodiversity of native zooplankton communities on canadian shield since acid rain

A

spiny waterflea

50
Q

what can be done for invasive species?

A

provincial, federal and international cooperation

  • strategies address the threat
  • ballast water regulations
  • laws passed in 2006 greatly reducing aquatic species invasions to the great lakes

Boreal Ecology (15 decks)

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