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Yr 11 Biology > 1.6 Co-ordination and control > Flashcards

1.6 Co-ordination and control Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a voluntary response

A

Under conscious control - brain involved

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2
Q

What is a reflex action

A

Automatic - does not involve brain

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3
Q

What is the order of a reflex arc

A

Stimulus - Receptor - Sensory Neurone - Association Neurone- Motor Neurone - Effector Muscle - Response

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4
Q

Where are the association neurones found

A

In the Central nervous system

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5
Q

What are some of the features of a neurone

A

Long to carry impulse quickly
Have insulating sheath - to increase speed of transmission of impulse
Branched nerve endings - so messages can get to other parts of body rapidly

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6
Q

Where in the spinal cord do the 3 neurones meet

A

The grey matter

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7
Q

What is the gap called between neurones

A

Synapes

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8
Q

What happens in the synapse

A

When the electrical impulse arrives at the end of the neurone a chemical (neurotransmitter) is released
this passes or diffuses across the synapse
If enough passes across the synapse to the next neurone it will start an impulse in the next neurone

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9
Q
A
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10
Q
A
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11
Q

What part of the eye contains the light sensitive cells

A

Retina

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

What part of the eye controls how much light enters the eye

A

iris

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13
Q

What is the pupil of the eye

A

Gap in the iris that light passes through

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14
Q

What is the job of the lens

A

To bend or refract the light so it reaches the retina

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15
Q

Where does refraction happen in the eye

A

The cornea and the lens

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16
Q

What parts of the eye are needed for support

A

Aqueous humour (front of eye)
Vitreous humour (back of eye between lens and retina)

17
Q

What is term used to describe how the lens changes shape to focus light on the retina

A

Accommodation

18
Q

Describe what happens when look at an object far away

A

Ciliary muscles relax
Pulls suspensory ligaments taut (stretched)
Lens thin
Less refraction of light

19
Q

Describe what happens to focus on a nearby object

A

Ciliary muscles contract
Suspensory ligaments slacken
Lens thick shape
more refraction of light

20
Q

What happens to the size of pupil when bright light is shone on eye and why

A

Pupil gets smaller so less light can enter eye - less damage

21
Q

what is a hormone

A

A chemical
Made in a gland
Released into the blood stream
travels to target ORGAN

22
Q

What is the name of the hormone that regulates blood glucose levels

A

insulin

23
Q

Where is insulin made

A

Pancreas

24
Q

When is more insulin released

A

When a person has eaten a (carbohydrate) meal

25
Q

What is the target organ of insulin

A

LIVER

26
Q

What effect does insulin have on muscle cells and liver

A

Absorb more glucoses - membrane more permeable
Store glucose as glycogen
More respiration

27
Q

If blood glucose levels drop what happens to insulin

A

Pancreas detects low levels of glucose
Less insulin is released

28
Q

What is the condition caused by pancreas not functioning properly

A

Diabetes

29
Q

How is Diabetes 1 different to Diabetes 2

A

Diabetes 1 is caused by pancreas producing NO insulin
Occurs early in life
Rely on injections of insulin

Diabetes 2 caused by pancreas producing LESS insulin
Is caused by lifestyle - happens later in life and linked to obesity
Can be controlled by diet but later may need injections

30
Q

What are symptoms of diabetes

A

Excessive thirst
Glucose in urine
High blood glucose levels
Lethargic

31
Q

What are long term effects of diabetes

A

Eye damage,
kidney damage
stroke
heart disease

32
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment e.g. blood glucose levels, water and ion levels in blood

33
Q

What are the 2 main jobs of the kidneys

A

To excrete excess ions and waste urea (from excess proteins)
To regulate water levels of body

34
Q

What is the outer part of kidney called

A

Cortex

35
Q

What is the middle part of the kidney

A

Medulla

36
Q

What is the part of the kidney called where urine leaves to go to the bladder

A

Pelvis

37
Q

What is the name of the tubes that carry urine to the bladder

A

Ureter

38
Q

What is name of the tube that carries urine out of body

A

Urethra

39
Q

Describe the process of urine formation in kidneys

A

Blood high in ions, urea and water enter kidneys by renal artery
Contents are filtered in the cortex of kidney
Any materials required by body eg all glucose, water and ions are reabsorbed back into blood in medulla
Any unwanted ions, excess water and urea are excreted as urine via the renal pelvis
pass down ureter and stored in bladder before leaving via urethra

40
Q
A

Yr 11 Biology (7 decks)

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