1.6 Co-ordination and control

Question 1

What is a voluntary response

Answer 1

Under conscious control - brain involved

Question 2

What is a reflex action

Answer 2

Automatic - does not involve brain

Question 3

What is the order of a reflex arc

Answer 3

Stimulus - Receptor - Sensory Neurone - Association Neurone- Motor Neurone - Effector Muscle - Response

Question 4

Where are the association neurones found

Answer 4

In the Central nervous system

Question 5

What are some of the features of a neurone

Answer 5

Long to carry impulse quickly
Have insulating sheath - to increase speed of transmission of impulse
Branched nerve endings - so messages can get to other parts of body rapidly

Question 6

Where in the spinal cord do the 3 neurones meet

Answer 6

The grey matter

Question 7

What is the gap called between neurones

Answer 7

Synapes

Question 8

What happens in the synapse

Answer 8

When the electrical impulse arrives at the end of the neurone a chemical (neurotransmitter) is released
this passes or diffuses across the synapse
If enough passes across the synapse to the next neurone it will start an impulse in the next neurone

Question 11

What part of the eye contains the light sensitive cells

Answer 11

Retina

Question 12

What part of the eye controls how much light enters the eye

Answer 12

iris

Question 13

What is the pupil of the eye

Answer 13

Gap in the iris that light passes through

Question 14

What is the job of the lens

Answer 14

To bend or refract the light so it reaches the retina

Question 15

Where does refraction happen in the eye

Answer 15

The cornea and the lens

Question 16

What parts of the eye are needed for support

Answer 16

Aqueous humour (front of eye)
Vitreous humour (back of eye between lens and retina)

Question 17

What is term used to describe how the lens changes shape to focus light on the retina

Answer 17

Accommodation

Question 18

Describe what happens when look at an object far away

Answer 18

Ciliary muscles relax
Pulls suspensory ligaments taut (stretched)
Lens thin
Less refraction of light

Question 19

Describe what happens to focus on a nearby object

Answer 19

Ciliary muscles contract
Suspensory ligaments slacken
Lens thick shape
more refraction of light

Question 20

What happens to the size of pupil when bright light is shone on eye and why

Answer 20

Pupil gets smaller so less light can enter eye - less damage

Question 21

what is a hormone

Answer 21

A chemical
Made in a gland
Released into the blood stream
travels to target ORGAN

Question 22

What is the name of the hormone that regulates blood glucose levels

Answer 22

insulin

Question 23

Where is insulin made

Answer 23

Pancreas

Question 24

When is more insulin released

Answer 24

When a person has eaten a (carbohydrate) meal

Question 25

What is the target organ of insulin

Answer 25

LIVER

Question 26

What effect does insulin have on muscle cells and liver

Answer 26

Absorb more glucoses - membrane more permeable Store glucose as glycogen More respiration

Question 27

If blood glucose levels drop what happens to insulin

Answer 27

Pancreas detects low levels of glucose Less insulin is released

Question 28

What is the condition caused by pancreas not functioning properly

Answer 28

Diabetes

Question 29

How is Diabetes 1 different to Diabetes 2

Answer 29

Diabetes 1 is caused by pancreas producing NO insulin Occurs early in life Rely on injections of insulin Diabetes 2 caused by pancreas producing LESS insulin Is caused by lifestyle - happens later in life and linked to obesity Can be controlled by diet but later may need injections

Question 30

What are symptoms of diabetes

Answer 30

Excessive thirst Glucose in urine High blood glucose levels Lethargic

Question 31

What are long term effects of diabetes

Answer 31

Eye damage, kidney damage stroke heart disease

Question 32

What is homeostasis

Answer 32

Maintaining a constant internal environment e.g. blood glucose levels, water and ion levels in blood

Question 33

What are the 2 main jobs of the kidneys

Answer 33

To excrete excess ions and waste urea (from excess proteins) To regulate water levels of body

Question 34

What is the outer part of kidney called

Answer 34

Cortex

Question 35

What is the middle part of the kidney

Answer 35

Medulla

Question 36

What is the part of the kidney called where urine leaves to go to the bladder

Answer 36

Pelvis

Question 37

What is the name of the tubes that carry urine to the bladder

Answer 37

Ureter

Question 38

What is name of the tube that carries urine out of body

Answer 38

Urethra

Question 39

Describe the process of urine formation in kidneys

Answer 39

Blood high in ions, urea and water enter kidneys by renal artery Contents are filtered in the cortex of kidney Any materials required by body eg all glucose, water and ions are reabsorbed back into blood in medulla Any unwanted ions, excess water and urea are excreted as urine via the renal pelvis pass down ureter and stored in bladder before leaving via urethra