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Yr 11 Biology > 1.1 Cells > Flashcards

1.1 Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls activities of cell
contains all genetic information on chromosomes

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2
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Surrounds nucleus

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly like fluid where most chemical reactions occur

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4
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Selectively permeable - lets some material enter and leave the cell

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelle for release of energy by aerobic respiration

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6
Q

additional features found in plant cells

A

cell wall
chloroplasts
vacuole

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7
Q

Cell wall

A

Made of cellulose
strengthens and supports cell

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8
Q

Chloroplast

A

Contain chlorophyll needed for trapping light in photosynthesis

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9
Q

Vacuole

A

Contains cell sap - involved in keeping cells rigid

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10
Q

using microscope

A

place thin section of material on slide and cover with cover slip
if stain needed add stain before cover slip
set slide on stage and use the lowest objective lens to have a wide field of view
focus using coarse focusing knob and then fine focusing
iincrease magnification by changing the objective lens

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11
Q

dye to stain onion cells

A

iodine

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12
Q

dye to stain cheek cells

A

methylene blue

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13
Q

Why stain cells when looking at them

A

so you can see parts of the cell more easily

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14
Q

How is a bacteria cell different to plant and animal cells

A

Bacteria cells have
no nucleus - chromosome freee in cytoplasm
Have a circular piece of DNA called plasmid
a non-cellulose cell wall
No membrane bound organelles eg mitochondria

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15
Q

How is a bacteria cell similar to animal cell

A

Has a cell membrane
Has cytoplasm

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16
Q

How is a bacteria cell similar to plant cell

A

Has cell membrane
has cytoplasm
has a cell wall

17
Q

What is a tissue

A

Made up of same type of cell to do a particular function

18
Q

What is an organ

A

made up of different types of tissues that do a particular function

19
Q

What is an organ system

A

Made up of different types of organs that work together to do a particular type of function

20
Q

Name an organ in plant

A

Leaf
Root

21
Q

What is epithelial tissue

A

Tissue that lines organs eg stomach

22
Q

How do you calculate magnification

A

Magnificiation = Image size/actual size

23
Q

How do you calculate Actual size when looking at diagram

A

Actual size = Image size/magnification
I
M x A

24
Q

What are the differences between light and electron microscope

A

Electron microscope higher magnification
Electron microscope higher resolution (able to distingush between 2 spots close together)
More expensive

25
Q

What is a stem cell

A

A simple cell that has the ability to divide to form cells of the same type

26
Q

Name 3 sources of stem cells in animals

A

embryo
umbilical cord
bone marrow

27
Q

Why are embryonic stem cells more advantageous to use than adult stem cells

A

Embryonic stem cells can divide to form a full range of cell types but adult stem cells are limited (blood cells)

28
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants
How are plant stem cells better than animal cells

A

In the meristems (shoot tip and root tip)
plant cells retain ability to divide but animal cells do not

29
Q

In treatment of leukaemia stem cells can be used. What happens during pre treatment

A

Patient treated using chemotherapy and radiotherapy to destroy white blood cells - however increases risk of infection as immune system affected

30
Q

In treatment of leukaemia stem cells can be used. Where do the stem cells come from that are used in treating patient

A

Stem cells from bone marrow of a donor that is closely matched

31
Q

What are some of the risks to patient being treated for leukaemia

A

Pre treatment - risk of infection after treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy
Stem cells may divide uncontrollably and cause othercancers
Viruses or disease may be transferred from other animals

32
Q

What is meant by peer review

A

Process in which other scientists within the same field of study check the work of a scientist to ensure it is valid

33
Q

What is the definition of diffusion

A

Diffusion is movement of molecules from high to low concentration, down the concentration gradient

34
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion

A

temperature
concentration
surface area

35
Q

Give an example of where diffusion happens in animals

A

Lungs - alveoli to blood - have a large surface area and maintain a concentration gradient
Blood to cells - glucose and oxygen diffuse into cells down concentration gradient and waste materials diffuse from cells to blood

36
Q

Give an example of diffusion in plants

A

Diffusion of gases into and out of leaves

Yr 11 Biology (7 decks)

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