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A Level Comp Sci Paper 1 > 1.5.2 Moral and Ethical Issues > Flashcards

1.5.2 Moral and Ethical Issues Flashcards

1
Q

What do computers allow people to do?

A
  • Access modern productivity tools and specialised software
  • Carry out their daily activities efficiently
  • Easily communicate and collaborate with one another
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2
Q

Why are machines used for?

A
  • Can work faster for longer, as well as being more accurate and reliable
  • Don’t need holidays or sleep
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3
Q

What has been the affect of machines on factories?

A
  • Have shifted the skill sets required
  • Originally hired many lower-skilled it now needs a smaller set of highly skilled technicians to run, support and maintain systems
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4
Q

Examples of some automated jobs we see today?

A
  • Supermarket checkouts, airport/ hotel check-in, online banking
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5
Q

What are some Stakeholders of banks?

A
  • Customers
  • Staff
  • Banks
  • Communities
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6
Q

What is some impacts of automation on customers?

A
  • No need to travel, 24/7 service, instant decisions, access via mobile devices, open to hacking
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7
Q

What is some impacts of automation on bank staff?

A
  • Job losses, creation of new job roles, new working practices, changes in required skill sets
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8
Q

What is some impacts of automation on Banks?

A
  • Less overheads (staff, utility, bills), targeted marketing, data protection responsibilities
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9
Q

What is some impacts of automation on Communities?

A
  • Local businesses may see less footfall and revenue, small businesses rely on local services
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10
Q

How do computers make automated decisions?

A
  • Take actions based on predefined rules and parameters without any human involvement
  • Follow algorithms : e.g stock market
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11
Q

What are some ethical issues in healthcare?

A
  • They use automated care protocols and intelligent systems that can recommend a course of treatment for a patient
  • Should only support the decision making not replace or bypass
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12
Q

What is profiling?

A
  • Gathering info about an individual or group and analysing their characteristics or behaviour patterns and place them in a certain category or group and to make predictions or assessments about their:
  • Work performance, health reliability, behaviour interests, economic situation
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13
Q

Exam Question: Describe 1 legal implication that dance group need to consider when adding soundtracks to their videos (2)

A
  • Copyright of the soundtrack belongs to the original artist
  • Permission must be sought to use it
  • Otherwise copyright law is broken
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14
Q

What is AI?

A
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • To describe any machine programmed to think, work and react like a human
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15
Q

What are the main categories AI is broken down into?

A
  • Applied/Narrow AI - Designed to manage a specific task
  • Generalised AI - Can evolve and improve to handle other tasks emerging and developing area of AI
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16
Q

What is machine learning?

A
  • The ability to learn without being explicitly programmed
  • It is a subset of AI - 1 way to achieve AI
  • The science of training a device or application to perform a task and improve its capabilities
  • Achieved by feeding it data, information and scenarios so it can learn over time
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17
Q

What is a robot?

A
  • A robot is a machine that carries out work by itself by following a set of programmed rules
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18
Q

What are the ethical, moral and cultural implications of using AI?

A
  • Accountability
  • Legal Liability
  • Algorithmic Bias
  • Safety
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19
Q

What is accountability in AI?

A
  • The choices of the AI will have consequences.
  • Who should be held responsible for the actions carried out by the smart AI algorithm
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20
Q

What is Legal Liability in AI?

A
  • In the case of a loss of a life, who should be held legally responsible - the purchaser, programmer, manufacturer, government
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21
Q

What is Algorithmic Bias in AI?

A
  • Designing an algorithm to prioritise certain outputs over others or favour 1 group over others
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22
Q

What is Safety in AI?

A
  • How can we ensure safety with the implementation of an algorithm that can choose, learn and adapt?
  • What rules should be programmed to make sure it does no harm?
  • What should it do when harm is unavoidable?
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23
Q

What are some of the toxic components found in technology?

A
  • Cadmium is commonly found in chip resistors and semi-conductors
  • Mercury and chromium can be found in circuit boards, switches and relays
24
Q

List 2 advantages that technology has on the environment?

A
  • Work from home
  • Encouraging a paperless approach
  • Digital storage has reduced the need for physical storage to be produced
25
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of technology on the environment?

A
  • Toxic materials
  • Pollution
  • Electricity is needed - fossil fuels burned
26
Q

What is Censorship?

A
  • Refers to the deliberate suppression of materials in terms of what can be published or accessed
27
Q

Name examples of using censorship?

A
  • Schools and businesses use filtering software
  • As part of its duty of care, schools have a moral and legal obligation to safeguard its students
28
Q

What do Governments use to block and what do they block?

A
  • Often require Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to block access to certain websites
  • Government requires ISPs to block sites relating to:
    • Extremist Politics
    • Extreme Pornography
    • Copyright infringement and File Sharing
29
Q

Why might a country censor the internet?

A
  • Decreases intellectual property theft
  • Limits freedom of speech
  • Allow government to control people
  • Reduce criminal activity including terrorism
  • Content may be contrary to the major religion
  • Content may be against the ethos of the ruling government
  • Security concerns
  • Protection of existing economic interests and copyright
30
Q

What are the ways computer technology can monitor behaviour?

A
  • Deliberately chosen by the user
  • Passive Monitoring
  • Forced Tracking
31
Q

What is the least controversial tracking method?

A
  • Deliberately chosen by the user: Smartwatches/fitness trackers.
  • Exchanges for lifestyle improvements
32
Q

Which is the most controversial tracking method?

A
  • Forced Tracking
  • GPS tagging criminals to track movement and internal monitoring systems that log employees’ online activities
33
Q

What is Passive Monitoring?

A
  • CCTV cameras and speed cameras
  • Added security by CCTV is worth it, if it reduces crime
  • Others believe it is an invasion of privacy
34
Q

Exam Question: Give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using self-driving cars rather than drivers?

A
  • Advantage: Safer than human driver (1), cheaper as no wage to cover (1), less likely to make mistakes with route (1)
  • Disadvantage: May not understand natural speech (1) may be limited in terms of roads on which it can operate (1), vulnerable to hacking (1)
35
Q

What are some examples of personal data collected by computer technology?

A
  • Social Media interactions
  • Online chats
  • Gaming Patterns
  • Travel Plans
  • Internet search history
  • Website journeys
  • Shopping habits
36
Q

What is big data?

A
  • Extremely large data sets that may be analysed computationally to reveal patterns, trends and associations in human behaviour and interactions
37
Q

What is data mining?

A
  • Process of analysing large data sets of data to find anomalies, patterns, correlations and predict outcomes.
38
Q

What are the advantages of data mining?

A
  • The ability to quickly and automatically dig through vast stores of data
  • Discover hidden connections
  • Predict future trends
39
Q

What are some issues associated with collection and use of personal data?

A
  • Privacy: Who has access?
  • Ownership: Who owns data about you?
  • Consent: How can data be collected on you?, Positive consent/opt-in
  • Misuse : Hashing/ phishing scams
  • Data Protection: How is your data protected? Your rights? DPA law?
40
Q

What is piracy?

A
  • It is the illegal copying of software or data without regard to copyright.
  • The internet has made the distribution of pirated materials much easier to achieve, and harder for law enforcement agencies to detect.
41
Q

How has the issue of software piracy increased?

A
  • With high speed broadband and 5G, an increasing amount of commercial material is available to download or stream in digital form
  • E.g Music, TV shows, movies, video games
42
Q

Why is freedom of access to everything may not be a good idea?

A
  • Digital industry employs millions of people and there is a cost of creating digital content - without our money these industries won’t exist.
43
Q

What are the names of the 2 legislations that help against software piracy?

A
  • The UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act
  • Computer Misuse Act
44
Q

What are the ways to protect digital content?

A
  • Copyright
  • Trademarks
  • Patents
  • Licensing
45
Q

How is the online world a source of offensive communication?

A
  • Online world is a platform for self expression, can remain anonymous and voice opinions that they would never say in the real world?
46
Q

What is an internet troll?

A
  • Refers to a person who actively sparks/ fuels arguments online, often by posting abusive content or comments.
47
Q

What does the Humans Rights Act say?

A
  • It states that we have a right to hold our own opinions and express them freely without government interface
  • Right to express views - protest
  • Although, it states that we need to respect others rights
48
Q

Why should the authority restrict your freedom of speech if you encourage racial or religious hatred?

A
  • Protect national security or public safety
  • Prevent disorder or crime
  • Protect health or morals
  • Protect the rights and reputation of others
49
Q

What is culture?

A
  • Refers to the viewpoints and attitudes that reflect a country’s identity and social message
50
Q

What are the typical culture values of the UK?

A
  • Act fairly and justly
  • Respect for the right of free expression
  • Respect for the rule of law
  • Respect for the democratic process
51
Q

Which western principles does social media enshrine?

A
  • Freedom of speech
  • Freedom of expression
  • The right to protest in an orderly manner
52
Q

Why can the layout be a cultural issue?

A
  • Most western websites are laid out top to bottom, left - right - not appropriate for all audiences
  • Position of key items may need to be repositioned to make viewing experience more natural
53
Q

What can “blue” mean in different cultures?

A
  • Typically considered very safe- water, sky, cold
  • Someone could interpret blue as heat
54
Q

What can “red” mean in different cultures?

A
  • Red can be associated with feelings of love, care and health
  • On the other hand it can have negative feelings of censorship, prohibition and danger
55
Q

What can “green” mean in different cultures?

A
  • In the west, green represents luck and nature
  • In Indonesia, green is a forbidden colour, while in China, green means infidelity

A Level Comp Sci Paper 1 (16 decks)

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