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Module 15 Richard > 15.1 Fundamentals > Flashcards

15.1 Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the acceleration due to gravity on average on earth

A

9.81 m/s squared

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2
Q

What is force measured in

A

Newtons

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3
Q

What is the formula for weight

A

Mass X acceleration due to gravity

Units: Newtons

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4
Q

What is the formula for force

A

Mass X acceleration

Units: Newtons

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5
Q

What is work done

A

Work = Force X distance

Units: NM

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6
Q

What is power

A

Power = Work/Time

Units: W or watts

1 watt = 1NM/s

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7
Q

What’s the definition of potential energy

A

Potential energy is the energy a body has by virtue of its position

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8
Q

What two sub categories can mechanical energy be divided in to

A
  • Potential Energy (PE)

- Kinetic Energy (KE)

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9
Q

What is the definition on Kinetic Energy

A

Kinetic Energy is the energy a body has by the virtue of its motion

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10
Q

What is Newton’s first law

A

The law of inertia

A body at rest remains at rest and a body in motion continues to move at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force

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11
Q

What is Newton’s second law

A

Newton’s second law of motion

FORCE = MASS X ACCELERATION

The acceleration produced in a mass by a force acting on it is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass

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12
Q

What is Newton’s third law

A

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

(This is the turbojet. The action is the exhaust gas rapidly leaves the engine. Reaction is the thrust force propelling the aircraft forward.)

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13
Q

What 3 steps must take place according to the Brayton cycle

A
  1. The pressure energy is increased
  2. Addition of heat energy
  3. Final conversion back into Kinetic energy in the form of a high velocity jet efflux
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14
Q

What does a gas turbine engine use as a working fluid to provide thrust

A

Air

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15
Q

What 3 things must be done in order to increase the velocity of the air to produce thrust

A
  1. Pressure is increased
  2. Addition of Heat Energy
  3. Final conversion back to Kinetic energy in the form of a high velocity jet efflux
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16
Q

What is Heating at a constant pressure or isobaric heating

A

As the combustion chamber is not an enclosed space the pressure of the air does not rise during combustion. Volume does increase

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17
Q

What are the 4 cycles of the gas turbine engine

A
  • Induction
  • Compression
  • Combustion
  • Exhaust
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18
Q

What happens continuously on a gas turbine engine that only happens intermittently on a piston engines

A

The working cycle i.e. Induction, compression, combustion, exhaust

On a piston engine only one piston (stroke) is producing power

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19
Q

In addition to thrust what 3 other things does an engine produce

A

Hydraulic power, Electric Power and bleed air for the pneumatic system

20
Q

What are the two different types of aircraft engine

A
  • Piston engine

- Gas turbine engine

21
Q

What is the main advantage of piston engines

A

Good fuel efficiency

22
Q

What are the two main disadvantages of piston engines

A

High weight to power ratio

Performance loss in high altitudes

23
Q

What are the 4 types of gas turbine engines

A
  • Turbojet
  • Turbofan
  • Turboprop
  • APU
24
Q

What is the most fuel efficient type of engine

A

Piston engine

25
Q

An engine which uses jet propulsion is called what

A

A reaction engine

26
Q

What must be done to air to accelerate it

A

The pressure must be increased

27
Q

When did making gas turbine engines take a while to put into practice after the technology was around

A

They were only possible to produce when sufficient heat resistant materials were produced for continuous combustion

28
Q

What is required to reduce the high gas turbine engine rotation to speeds that can be managed by the propeller

A

A reduction gear

29
Q

What engine combines the advantages of the turbojet and turboprop engine

A

The turbofan

30
Q

How many spools do turbofan engines usually have

A

2 or 3

31
Q

What are the advantage of open rotor engines and propfans

A

Use up to 20% less fuel than turbofans and can have a bypass ratio of 90:1

32
Q

What are open rota or propfan engines not commonly used on commercial aircraft even though they have more advantages than turbofan engines

A

They are very difficult to mount which makes them uncommon on modern jet aircraft

33
Q

What are the two different types of engine design known as

A
  • Modular

- Non modular

34
Q

What was the biggest advantage and disadvantage of non modular engines

A

Advantage - saved weight, worked well

Disadvantage - design was complicated and parts were hard to access. Parts were usually designed for that engine specifically

35
Q

Non modular engine construction is usually only found on what type of engines

A

Older engines and APU

36
Q

What must the modules of a modular engine be before they are fitted together

A

They must be fully assembled and balanced

37
Q

What is the purpose of ceramic coatings

A

They serve as heat and corrosion protection

38
Q

Where are steel alloys used in engines

A

N1 drive shaft, the engine bearings and main structural frames

39
Q

Where are ceramic coatings used on engines

A

The combustor and high pressure turbine

40
Q

Where is aluminium alloy normally used on the engine

A

Gearbox housings, fan stator casings and other low loaded parts

41
Q

Why are cobalt alloys normally used

A

They are highly heat resistant

42
Q

Where are cobalt based alloys used

A

Stator of the first stage of the high pressure turbine

43
Q

Why are titanium based alloys used

A

They are very strong and and half as heavy as steel

44
Q

What is the main disadvantage and advantage of titanium alloys

A

They can withstand high centrifugal force but are very expensive

45
Q

Where are titanium alloys normally used on the engine

A

The fan, the low pressure compressor, and the front stages of the high pressure compressor

46
Q

What is the advantage of Nikel based alloys

A

They can withstand high centrifugal loads and high temperatures

47
Q

Where are nikel based alloys used

A

High pressure compressor, the combustion section, the high and low pressure turbines

Module 15 Richard (18 decks)

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