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Module 15 Richard > 15:09 Lubricants And Fuels > Flashcards

15:09 Lubricants And Fuels Flashcards

1
Q

What type of oils were gas turbine engines originally designed to use

A

Mineral oils

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2
Q

What was developed when mineral oil didn’t provide the necessary operational requirements for gas turbine engines

A

Synthetic oil

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3
Q

What is the most recent type of oil suitable for gas turbine engines

A

Ester based synthetic oils

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4
Q

What are the main tasks of oil on modern jet engines

A
  • Lubricating
  • Cooling
  • Cleaning
  • Corrosion protection
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5
Q

What is the purpose of lubrication in engines?

A

To reduce friction between metal surfaces that move against each other

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6
Q

What are the 2 groups of engine oils

A
  • Mineral

- Synthetic

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7
Q

What type of engines are mineral oils usually used

A

Piston engines

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of synthetic oils

A
  • Type 1 (older)
  • Type 2(modern)
  • Type 3 (special)
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9
Q

What is type 1 synthetic oil

A

A first generation synthetic oil. It is now only used on some older gas turbine engines

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10
Q

What is Type 2 synthetic oil

A

Mostly used on modern gas turbine engines

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11
Q

What is type 3 synthetic oil

A

Has a higher thermal stability and viscosity at higher temperatures than those 2 oil. This type of oil is only used on special aircraft for example the Euro fighter

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12
Q

What are the main advantages of synthetic oils

A
  • Better viscosity
  • Better thermal stability
  • A high pressure resistance
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13
Q

What is the one main disadvantage of synthetic oils

A

They cannot be mixed with synthetic oils from other manufacturers

They are also harmful to skin and expensive

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14
Q

All lubricants for gas turbine engines must exhibit certain physical and performance properties, and are tested for what?

A
  • Viscosity
  • Pour point
  • Flash point
  • Pressure resistance
  • Oxidation resistance
  • Thermal stability
  • Volatility
  • Acidity
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15
Q

What is viscosity index

A

The effect temperature has on the viscosity of the oil. A higher number indicates a viscosity least affected by a change in temperature

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16
Q

What is viscosity

A

The property of a fluid offering resistance to flow or shear at specific temperature

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17
Q

What is the pour point

A

The lowest temperature that oil will visibly move in a 31.75mm test tube held horizontally for 5 seconds

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18
Q

What is a flash point

A

The lowest temperature that the oil will give off enough vapour to flash when a flame is applied

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19
Q

What is the fire point of an oil

A

Lowest temperature that the oil will ignite and burn continuously for at least 5 seconds

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20
Q

What is the meaning of volatility

A

The measure of the ease in which a liquid is converted in to a vapourers state

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21
Q

What is the meaning of acidity

A

A measure of the corrosive tendencies of the oil

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22
Q

What is the meaning of oil foaming

A

The measure of the resistance of the oil to separate from the entrapped air

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23
Q

What is the meaning of oxidation and thermal stability in oil

A

The ability of the oil to resist the formation of hard carbon and sludge at high temperatures

24
Q

What is the meaning of coking

A

The amount of carbon residue remaining in the oil after being subject to extreme heating

25
Q

What type of additives are added to oils to improve its characteristics

A
  • Detergents
  • Corrosion preventatives
  • Dyes
  • Antioxidants
  • Foam inhibitors
  • Viscosity enhancers
  • Pour point depressants
26
Q

What is the most common kerosine type fuel used on modern jet aircraft

A

Jet A and Jet A1

27
Q

What are the 4 main types of turbine engine fuels

A
  • Jet A
  • Jet A1
  • Jet B
  • JP5
28
Q

How much hydrogen and carbon would a typical turbine fuel consist of

A
  • Carbon 84%

- Hydrogen 16%

29
Q

What is the freeze point and flash point and specific gravity of Jet A1 fuel

A

+38 and -47

Specific gravity between 0.775 and 0.83

30
Q

What is the most common turbine fuel in America

A

Jet A

31
Q

What is the advantage of Jet B fuel

A

Better cold weather performance but can be used as an alternative to Jet A1

32
Q

What is JP5 used for

A

Military aircraft

33
Q

Why must the fuel used be recorded when refuelling

A

Each type of fuel has different handling and operating characteristics

34
Q

What are the main requirements of turbine engine fuels

A

A low freezing point and a high flash point low enough to provide good ignition capabilities but as high as possible for safe fuel handling

35
Q

What should the appearance of turbine fuel be

A

Clear, bright and visually free from solid matter and undissolved water at normal ambient temperature

36
Q

What should the composition of turbine fuels be

A

Limited acidity and limited amounts of aromatics, olefin, sulphur, mercaptan sulphur (which produce pollutants), corrosive gums and odours

37
Q

What is the density of Jet A and Jet A1 fuel

A

0.81 kg/ltr at 15 °C

38
Q

What is the benefit of using anti oxidants as fuel additives

A

To prevent the formation of gum deposits on fuel system components caused by oxidation of fuel in storage

39
Q

What are the advantages of using metal deactivators as a fuel additive

A

These suppress the catalytic effect which some metals, particularly copper have on fuel oxidation

40
Q

What is the advantage of using Biocide additives in fuel

A

To combat microbiological growth in fuel

Some de icing additives posses these properties

41
Q

Fuel handling safety precautions can be divided into what 3 areas

A
  • Fire prevention
  • Fire extinguishing
  • Personnel safety
42
Q

What must strictly not be done when refuelling

A

Changing or topping up oxygen bottles

43
Q

What should you do if you ingest oil

A

DO NOT induce vomiting

Drink 250ml/ half a pint of water and obtain medical attention immediately

44
Q

What conditions could create sparks on aircraft

A
  • Electrical switching
  • HF transmission
  • Weather radar operation
  • Metal parts such as tools being stuck together
  • Electric static discharge
45
Q

To prevent sparks by electric static discharge, what must be done to a refuelling truck

A

Must be connected to the aircraft by a grounding lead

46
Q

What type of special tools must be used in fuel tanks

A

Explosion proof tools

47
Q

When entering a fuel tank what must the clothing be made from to prevent sparks

A

Cotton

48
Q

Why must someone wear tank access socks when working inside a fuel tank

A

Minimise the danger of damaging internal tank equipment and tank sealers

49
Q

When is it permitted to enter a tank with out a full face mask

A

Only when the tank has been deemed health safe

50
Q

When using gas measuring equipment on tank entry to measure if gas levels are safe, where must you place the measuring equipment

A

Outside of the safety area as it is not explosion proof

51
Q

How may people are required for fuel tank maintenance

A

2 or more

52
Q

What is a category 1 tank

A
  • Direct access door

- Access by head and shoulders only

53
Q

What is a category 2 tank

A
  • Direct access door

- Access for complete body

54
Q

What is a category 3 tank

A
  • No direct access door
  • Internal opening
  • Wide enough for rescue
55
Q

What is a category 4 tank

A
  • Not on all aircraft
  • Only entered via internal openings which are not wide enough to rescue personnel in emergency
  • To get out mechanical cutters must be used

Module 15 Richard (18 decks)

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