1501-2000 Flashcards
Question
Answer
Which one of the following is least likely to be a radon emitter?
Obsidian
Perhaps the most significant source of indoor air pollution in terms of particulate levels is:
Cigarette smokers
The main source of childhood exposure to particulate pollution is:
Tobacco smoke
In what type structures are indoor levels of formaldehyde likely to be rather high?
Mobile homes
Fungal spores, bacterial and animal dander are examples of
Biological pollutants
Dust mites seem to proliferate in the presence of
Use of humidifiers
Most cases of sick building syndrome can be traced to:
Inadequate ventilation
The major constituent of the atmosphere today is:
Nitrogen
The region of the atmosphere where virtually all life activities occur in the:
Troposphere
The region of the atmosphere where the temperature slowly rises with increases in altitude is the:
Stratosphere
Most ultraviolet radiation in sunlight is absorbed by the ozone layer as it passes through the:
Stratosphere
The reason that there are differences in the amount of infrared absorption in various climatic regions is because:
The amount of water vapor varies
Ground radiation refers to:
Outward radiation of energy from the
The Greenhouse Effect is the result of
re-radiation of infrared waves back to the earth’s surface
The reason that the ozone layer is so important is because it:
it protects life forms from solar ultraviolet radiation
The most serious threat to the ozone layer is:
chlorofluorocarbons
The “hole in the sky” was first found over:
The South Pole
The main component of the Montreal Protocol was the:
cutting back and eventually eliminating the use of chlorofluorocarbons
The historical significance of the Montreal Protocol is:
the agreement among nations of the world to work together to prevent a disaster of global proportions
Which one of the following is not one of the major atmospheric gases?
ozone
Perhaps one of the greatest environmental issues of the late 20th century will be:
the Greenhouse Effect
Nearly 1/4 of all global carbon dioxide emissions are the result of
deforestation
Concern over increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere revolve around issues of
global temperature
The Greenhouse Effect is being enhanced by the increase of all the following gases in the atmosphere except:
oxygen
Which one of the following is potentially the most important in terms of global warming?
methane
The major impact of global warning would most likely be in:
an alteration of world-wide rainfall
It is most likely that the greatest temperature increases as a result of global warming will occur in:
high latitude regions of northern hemisphere
Which one of the following is not a potential impact of global warming?
increased crop yield, particularly of citrus fruits
Which one of the following may be the most devastating to biodiversity?
global warming
Which one of the following will perhaps the most dramatic consequence of global warming?
rising sea level
A major part of the Earth Summit was to:
stabilize concentrations of greenhouse gases at 1990 levels
Which one of the following nations has the greatest annual rate of carbon dioxide production?
China
The only way the atmospheric carbon dioxide level would not continue to increase would be slash emissions to:
60% of their 1990 levels
Which one of the following is least likely to be a viable response to stop global warming:
rapidly expand nuclear power generation
Even if reduction of the emission of CFCs and other greenhouse gases were accomplished, the effect of what is already in the atmosphere will be exerted for approximately:
100 years
At present the largest source of methane is:
cultivation of rice
Which one of the following, when burned, emits the most carbon dioxide?
coal
To improve the accuracy of global warming predictions:
more understanding of ocean dynamics is needed
The relationship between the photosynthetic rate of green plants and the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere may aptly be termed:
carbon dioxide fertilization
A basic concept embodied in the Green Lights program is:
energy conservation
If the Green Lights program is successful:
pollution from fossil fuel production will decrease
What “attracted” industry to the use of chlorofluorocarbons:
their chemical stability
Which one of the following gases was not scheduled for phaseout by 1996 as a result of the Montreal Protocol?
halon
Which one of the following gases seems to present the greatest challenge in terms of elimination of its use?
freon
The ban of chlorofluorocarbons was not targeted at those companies that:
use the gas
The term “frequency” cannot be described as
Particles
The shorter the wave length
The higher the frequency and energy
The roentgen is a measure of the ionization in air produced by exposure to
x-rays or gamma rays
The term “rem” is short for
Roentgen Equivalent Man
Which term is used to show the exposure of large populations to low level radiation?
Person-rem
The term “genetic radiation” refers to effects of radiation on
Generations yet unborn
MPD is the abbreviation for
Maximum permissible dose
Common deficiencies regarding fluoroscopy units may be
REF!
CAT scanners are used to locate
REF!
The term “half-value layer” (HVL) is used to designate the thickness of a particular material that will reduce, by one-half, the intensity of radiation passing through the material. Beta radiation is commonly eliminated by
Glass or plastic
The siting of nuclear facilities is subject to extensive regulation and licensing by the
Nuclear regulatory commission
The FDA requires that sunlamps that radiate UV rays be equipped with timers which automatically shut off after
None of the above
X-rays units are generally due for reinspection
Every 2 to 3 years
Lasers emit
Electromagnetic radiation
Microwave ovens use which of the following energy sources?
Electromagnetic
The longer the wave length, the lower the frequency and energy.
TRUE
The nature of all radiation is the same, and the difference lies only in the frequency and wave length.
FALSE
Survey meters are usually read in roentgens or milliroentgens per hour.
TRUE
A radioisotope is an artificially created radioactive isotope of a chemical element that is normally not radioactive.
TRUE
Beta particles can be health hazard either as internal or external radiation because of the ionization in tissues.
TRUE
Generic effects from radiation exposure are usually immediately evident.
FALSE
Most cells, tissue and organs of the body are independent and the destruction of one will not affect the other.
FALSE
Biological effects should govern the required standards of radiological protection.
FALSE
In assessing radiation hazard, the sum total of all exposures should be considered.
TRUE
Actual amounts of radiation exposure received in different parts of the world will vary with altitude, background and medical practices.
TRUE
With dental x-rays, it is necessary to establish the correct exposure time for kilovoltage, milliamperage and source-to-skin distance.
TRUE
It is believed by some researchers that the hazards of low level radiation may be worse than previously predicted, supporting the principle that “x-rays should be used only when there is good medical reason.”
TRUE
It is not necessary for a dental unit to have filters.
FALSE
The discoverer of X-rays was:
Roentgen
The term “radioactivity” was “coined” by
Marie and Pierre Curie
Which one of the following is not a part of particulate radiation?
x-ray
All of the following are considered ionizing radiation except:
Ultraviolet light
Resident of which of the following citied would probably receive the most cosmic radiation?
Lake Placid
Which one of the following is least penetrating?
Alpha rays
Which one of the following is most penetrating?
Gamma rays
Residents of which of the following cities would probably receive the most exposure from naturally occurring radioactive minerals?
Vale, California
From the standpoint of exposure to radioactive minerals, which one of the following building materials would probably be most “safe”?
Wood
Which one of the following is not natural source of radiation exposure?
Nuclear power plants
Perhaps our single most significant source of radiation exposure is:
Radon
The greatest exposure to human made ionizing radiation for most individuals is through:
Medical x-rays
The consumer product most significant in terms of radiation exposure is:
cigarettes
Perhaps the most “infamous” incidence of radiation-induces illness involved:
Women who painted watch dials
The best management for intensely radioactive isotopes that have very short half-lives is:
Isolate them from human contact during their acute phase
The amount of radiation damage in human exposure to ionizing radiation is measured in term of:
sieverts
Which one of the following is true?
Low levels of ionizing radiation have a potential to cause cell damage rather than cell deaths
Perhaps the greatest problem that resulted from the testing of nuclear weapons prior to the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was:
Radioactive contamination of soil and water