1-500 Flashcards
Question
Answer
An action authorized by law to restrict or prevent the movement of goods for the protection of public health, safety and welfare is called
an embargo
Field observations are not always reported in total because
the significance of the data is not understood
In preparing a legal action, one of the first steps a sanitarian should do is to
keep very accurate records
Which of the following statements is true regarding an inspection efficiency rating?
the numerical rating obtained per year is less important as the relative change from year to year
When a health violation is classified as a misdemeanor, it can be more readily resolved by ______.
civil action
Which of the following is the most critical step needed before detailed information is collected?
determining how the information will be used
Which of the following is the most effective technique for ceasing operation of a noncomplying establishment?
a. a mandatory injunction, b. revoking a license, c. an injunction
An administrative process of measuring and analyzing results in relation to specific goals, objectives, aims or targets is
evaluation
On-the-job education should start with planned, routine, intensive in-service training of
all field and office personnel
All of the following describe objectives used in environmental quality planning except
non-measurable
Self-imposed health risk factors include
a. exposure to sunlight, b. diet, c. smoking
Legal proceedings to enforce a law may include
a. issuance of an order to eliminate a violation, b. suspension of a permit, c. civil sanctions
In an environmental control statistical report for program, the “total man-days expended” will
show the type and amount of manpower allocated to each of the program activities
Which type of inspection would be conducted prior to legal action?
reinspection
In order to perform an evaluation, the data collected must be reliable. Which of the following is not a definitive characteristic of reliability?
easy to obtain
The changing role of environmental health scientists, including their duties of administrating services to the public, has been brought about largely due to
public recognition of the problems and the desire for higher quality of life
Standards must be scientifically supported, understandable, measurable and
enforceable
The terms “goals” and “objectives” are sometimes used interchangeably; however, objectives should be considered as
the realistically attainable ends
Letter and report writing are effective means of acquainting ______ with the diversity and complexity of a facility’s problems.
establishment owners
The agencies general administrative plan provides the basis for
an administrative warrant
Inspections of nonpublic areas can be made by consent of the owner or occupant and
on the basis of a general administrative plan
The statement of goals and objectives should recognize environmental quality and community needs such as
a. clean air, b. clean food service establishments, c. decent housing
A standard for dishwashing that states that the “total bacteria count should not exceed one hundred per utensil surface,” is an example of what type of objective?
performance
A well developed ______ activity report can serve practically all the reporting needs of an organization for statistical purposes.
daily
To have a successful environmental control service, the retention of competent personnel is a primary concern. Which of the following is (are) required to retain competent personnel?
a. adequate salaries, b. pleasant, stimulating working conditions, c. a dynamic and challenging program
The number of inspections divided by the number of workdays should equal which of the following?
average number of inspections per workday
Since competent direction is essential to a divisional program’s effectiveness, it is important to offer
none of the above
From a legal standpoint, which of the following is true regarding enforcement of standards?
a specification-type standard is easier to enforce than a performance standard
The effectiveness of an inspection program depends on technical competence and the ______ of regulatory staff.
attitude
A program plan should be developed for each of the program activities. This plan should list which of the following criteria for each activity?
a. work load and methods to meet program objectives and financing, b. resource requirements, goals and objectives, c. need for the program, evaluation, and law
The precise levels at which specific air pollutants become a health hazard are relatively easy to establish by existing surveillance systems.
FALSE
Particulates larger than 10 microns can penetrate easily into the respiratory tract.
FALSE
It is possible to control noise
a. at the source, b. in its path of transmission, c. where it is received
Fluorocarbons in the atmosphere are of concern because they may
a. react with the ozone in the upper atmosphere, thus reducing the total amount of ozone available, b. cause an increase in ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth, c. cause an increase in skin cancers and changes in our climate, animal, and plant life
The terms “washout” and “rainout” both refer to a cleansing process of pollutants in the atmosphere.
TRUE
A ______ is a dimensionless unit to express physical intensity or sound pressure levels.
decibel
The frequency of a sound determines its pitch.
TRUE
When two pollutants are combined, the effects are greater than the sum of the individual effects. This is called
synergism
Scrubbers are wet collectors generally used to remove particles that form as a
fog, mist, or dust
Precipitation accomplishes an effective cleansing process of pollutants in the atmosphere by
a. accumulation of small particles in the formation of raindrops or snowflakes in clouds, b. the washing out of scavenging of large particles by falling raindrops or snowflakes, c. removal of gaseous pollutants by dissolution and absorption
A deterioration in the ozone layer of the stratosphere can cause an increase in ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth.
TRUE
The unit of measurement most commonly used to measure loudness is called
phon
Sound absorbing materials absorb low frequency sounds much more effectively than high frequency sounds.
FALSE
Air pollution control should first be considered at the
source
If 10 decibels is 10 times more intense than one decibel, how many times more intense is 20 decibels than one decibel?
100
The Montreal Protocol categorizes ______ and ______ in two classes based on their ozone-depiction potential.
CO2 and PAN
Glazing, silvering, or bronzing on the underside of a leaf is evidence that injury has occurred by
peroxyacyl nitrates
The meteorological elements that have the most direct and significant effects on the distribution of air pollutants are
a. solar radiation, b. wind speed and direction, c. precipitation and stability
Turbulence is the wind characteristic that is
the most effective mechanism for the dispersion or dilution of a cloud or plume of pollutants
Some specific measures that can be used to reduce the effect of highway noise include
a. setting lower speed limits for certain sections of a highway, b. establishing alternate truck routes, c. enclosure of highways going through residential areas
For a pure tone (single frequency) to be produced, there must be a one-to-one correspondence between
loudness and intensity
______ have been known to cause crippling skeletal damage to cattle through ingested contaminated vegetation.
fluorides
Air is vital to existence. In fact, humans breathe in a day’s time an average of
35 pounds of air
Stability of the atmosphere
a. is the ability to enhance or suppress vertical air motions - b. is largely determined by the vertical temperature profile
In what part of the earth’s atmosphere are photochemical oxidants produced?
troposphere
Sources of pollutants can generally be classified as
a. line sources, b. area sources, c. point sources
Which of the following items are not natural topographic features?
canals
A particle count of above ______ is said to be representative of an urban area
50,000
Street dust would be considered what type of pollution?
fugitive pollutant
Ozone can be formed by the action of sunlight on nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons.
TRUE
What type of air pollution causes bleaching of leaves in plants?
sulfur dioxide
______ can be formed as a result of the sun’s action on nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons
ozone
The ratio of the energy passing through a wall, floor, or ceiling to the energy striking it is called
sound transmission loss
Long-term wind data of a given location are presented graphically in the form of a
wind rose
Transportation is the largest source of air pollution.
TRUE
The amount of sound energy a material can absorb is a function of its absorption coefficient at a specified frequency.
TRUE
Which of the following types of materials are known to reflect sound?
rubber tiles
Continuous exposure to high-level noise is less harmful than intermittent or occasional exposure.
FALSE
Dry cotton ear plugs are just as effective against noise control as expensive fitted ear plugs and earmuffs.
FALSE
The accumulation or increased concentration of a continuously emitted pollutant is
inversely proportional to wind speed
A hammering type noise often heard in a plumbing system is usually due to
a quick-closing valve requiring installation of an air chamber
In the United States, the Ringlemann smoke chart consists of how many rectangular charts?
four
A primary pollutant is one that is formed in the atmosphere as a result of chemical reactions.
FALSE
Individuals react differently to noise depending on age, sex, and socioeconomic background.
TRUE
Air pollution is the presence of ______ in the outside air in amounts that are injurious or detrimental to humans, animals, plants, or property.
a. solids, b. gases, c. liquids
Stack samples must be collected at the same speed of flow that gases normally pass through the stack.
TRUE
The ______ of a sound wave is the energy transferred per unit time (sec) through a unit area normal to the direction of propagation.
intensity
The normal change in temperature with altitude is
noted as a decrease due to expansion and thus adiabatic cooling of air
The Safe Alternatives Policy program
specifies alternatives for all ozone-depleting substances
Ozone reduces the useful life of all of the following except
nylon
Halon-1211 is used primarily in ______.
portable fire extinguishers
Air pollutants may be in the form of microorganisms.
TRUE
Areas on the windward side of mountain ranges can expect less precipitation due to the forced rising, expansion, and cooling of moving air masses.
FALSE
The most common type of noise measurement device used for initial surveys to provide rapid evaluation and identification of potential problem areas is the
sound level meter
The first Federal standards for occupational exposure to noise were issued by
the Department of Labor
The concentration resulting from a continuous emission of a pollutant is directly proportional to wind speed.
FALSE
A primary pollutant is
one that is found in the atmosphere in the same form as it exists
______ involves the chemistry, physics, and dynamics of the atmosphere and includes many direct effects of the atmosphere on the earth’s surface, ocean, and life.
meteorology
The effects of air pollution are influenced by
a. wind speed, and direction,b. sunlight, c. precipitation
Which of the following are not major sources of sulfur dioxide pollution?
electrical substations
In general terms, it is safe to assume that any two identical sound levels will have the effect of increasing the overall level by 10 dB.
FALSE
Halon-1301 is used primarily in ______.
fixed fire suppression systems
Sounds with a frequency of 30 hertz (Hz) are considered very low pitch.
TRUE
The major factors related to hearing loss are
a. time duration of exposure and repeated impact, b. intensity of sound waves, c. frequency content of sound
Which of the following is not a malodorous gas?
carbon monoxide
Impurities in combustible hydrocarbons (coal and oil) combine with oxygen to produce ______ when burned.
sulfur dioxide
The speed with which sound travels through a particular medium is dependent on
the compressibility and density of the medium
______ is considered to be the least damaging to the stratospheric ozone layer.
HCFCs
Which of the following is not a primary pollutant?
sulfuric acid
Almost all sound contains multiple frequencies.
TRUE
In recent years, the largest number of rabies cases were associated with
skunks
The gains in life expectancy between 1900 (48 years) and 1974 (72 years) have occurred mostly in the early years and are due to
a. sanitation, b. nutrition, c. chemotherapy
It is believed that the ingestion of one virus particle can cause infection in humans.
TRUE
Onchocerciasis is a rare illness found in some third world countries.
FALSE
An illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic product which is transmitted from a reservoir to a susceptible host either directly or indirectly is called
a communicable disease
The cancer rate is roughly 72% higher for inner-city people than the level for suburbanites.
FALSE
There is a scientific consensus that further increases in life expectancy are dependent on the extent to which
b and c above
A disease transmitted by birds and bird droppings is
psittacosis
Food poisoning from Staphylococcus aureus can be prevented by thoroughly cooking foods that have been properly handled and then through appropriate time temperature control of the finished product.
TRUE
An analysis by Dever indicated that environmental factors were considered to be the cause of 49% of all deaths due to accidents, 20% of the influenza and pneumonia deaths, 41% of the homicides, and 15% of the deaths due to birth injuries and other diseases peculiar to early infancy.
TRUE
Between 26 B.C. and 395 A.D., the average life expectancy was
24 years
The killing of an infectious agent outside the body by chemical or physical means is termed
disinfection
House mice may carry the disease lymphocytic choriomeningitis.
TRUE
Tularemia is often transmitted to humans by handling rodents, rabbits, and muskrats.
TRUE
Ascaris ova may survive up to 7 hours in moist, warm soil.
FALSE
Some of the prime sources of Giardia lamblia cysts are humans, beavers, muskrats, and domestic animals.
TRUE
Marsh miasma is another name for the disease known as Legionella.
FALSE
Schistosomiasis is
a water contact disease
Rats are one of the seven animals most likely to carry rabies.
FALSE
The most effective means of control of bats is to “build them out.”
TRUE
Toxins that attack nerves are referred to as enterotoxin.
FALSE
The four major causes of death among all age groups of Americans include all of the following except
homicide
Coliform, on soil surfaces, may survive up to 38 days.
TRUE
The term “endemic” means
constant presence of an illness
The prevention of deaths from a particular disease increases the overall life expectancy in direct proportion to its decreased mortality.
FALSE
Urine is usually sterile, except for urinary schistosomiasis, typhoid, and leptospirosis carriers.
TRUE
The amelioration of a disease to reduce disability or dependence resulting from it is termed
tertiary prevention
Mycotoxins are poisonous chemicals produced by
fungi
The prevention of respiratory diseases in “vulnerable” individuals is to
a. protect people from the source, b. eliminate routes of transmission, c. reduce presence of susceptible individuals
Life expectancy is a measure of health progress, morbidity levels, and the quality of life.
FALSE
Soil moisture of about 30% to 45% of saturation is the best for survival of pathogens.
FALSE
A water or foodborne disease outbreak with a short incubation period is likely because of
chemical poisoning
It is estimated that approximately 1/3 of water and foodborne diseases are reported.
TRUE
Rocky Mountain spotted fever is spread by
ticks
The basic principles of disease control include all of the following except
use of antibiotics
The study of the occurrence, frequency, and distribution of disease is
epidemiology
The interval between exposure to an infectious agent and the appearance of the first symptom is called the
incubation period
The disease caused by Legionella pneumophila was found to originate in the toilet tanks in older hotels.
FALSE
A vaccinated dog or cat bitten by or exposed to a rabid animal should be confined for 4 months or destroyed.
FALSE
Observations and cost-effective analyses have shown that good housing and sanitation are far more effective measures for the control of cholera, typhoid, and similar diseases than is immunization.
TRUE
Public awareness demands a quality of environment that provides fundamental needs such as which of the following?
a. pure water, clean air, pure food, b. decent housing, c. safe recreational facilities
Which of the following factors is not considered in of need of control by the WHO health goal?
achievement of individual wealth
The Overseas Development Council has created a Physical Quality of Life Index by combining assessments of
literacy rates, life expectancy and infant mortality rates
Strategic planning is a tool that helps organizations
a. decide where they want to be in the future, b. locate where they are now, c. plan how to get to the desired state in the future
The most important factor leading to the abandonment of a site is related to
an adequate, safe water supply
A comprehensive solid waste study must include
preliminary analysis for solid waste treatment and disposal
What led to the formation of the NEPA?
a. public concern over environmental pollution, b. scientific support, c. professional prodding and support
Most of the funding for municipal capital improvement is provided by
revenue bonds and general obligation bonds
Which one of the following would be considered primary gain for moving from the city into a suburban area?
lower taxes
An “environmental assessment” developed under NEPA is
a concise public document for which a Federal agency is responsible
Adequate highways, land-use controls, park and recreation facilities, water, sewers, solid waste disposal, and other services necessary for proper community functions are usually designed within the context of a ______ plan.
regional
The purpose of the National Environmental Policy Act is to
a. encourage productive and enjoyable interaction between human and the environment, b. encourage measures that prevent or eliminate damage to the environment, c. encourage greater understanding of the environment
What is the smallest practical planning unit involved in regional planning?
the county
The process of comprehensive community planning includes all of the following except
surrounding area politics
Which of the following is not a recommendation for topography and site survey?
water supply source that is fast moving
For every 1,000 new people, a community will require all of the following except
an additional supply of 10 to 30 million gallons of water per year
______ assists in economic growth by increasing personal income, retail sales, and bank deposits.
industry
When developing a preliminary or feasibility report, which of the following steps would generally not be included?
construction plans
The ______ in many cities has been leveling off, but has been increasing in the suburbs.
rate of population growth
Revenue bonds are usually repaid by
specific sources of revenue (such as water charges)
The term “Federal agency” does not include which of the following
the executive office
A comprehensive water supply study must include
alternative sources of water
One method of financing for a municipal capital improvement is by revenue bonds which in turn are paid by
persons receiving the service
A GAP analysis is
an analysis of the distance between the current state and the future state
A SWOT analysis is
none of the above
When a suitable site is being selected for a particular purpose, which of the following must be known before any property is investigated?
REF!
Comprehensive community planning includes which of the following steps?
REF!
The agency that developed guidelines to assist urban areas and cities assess the environmental impact of housing and urban development was
the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
An EIS is required by ______, when the EA indicates significant impact to the Environment.
NEPA
Communities that desire to maintain the character of the community without overtaxing its members should
a. develop zoning regulations, c. encourage the development of vacant land served by existing public services
Federal air quality standards for sulfur oxides in parts per million is
0.03
A planning board’s enforcement tools include
REF!
The EPA stream water quality rate for fecal coliform is
200 colonies per 100 ml
The generally accepted method(s) of preventing subdivision complications and obtaining orderly community growth is (are)
comprehensive land-use planning
In research and problem identification, the evaluation of the community contains all the following except
special planning studies
The purpose of public information and community action is which of the following?
REF!
Plan implementation involves capital improvement programs and financing plans.
TRUE
An environmental impact statement should contain all of the following except
probable adverse environmental effects which can be avoided
A QOL index is useful in determining future demands made on water supplies in subdivisions.
FALSE
Actions which do not individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the human environment are categorically defined as
categorical exclusion
The Council on Environmental Quality was established by
Title II of NEPA
A “vision” is a term used in strategic planning to represent the
REF!
Every 1,000 new people in a community will require 1,000,000 extra gallons of water per year.
FALSE
Financing for municipal capital improvements is generally done by revenue bonds or general obligation bonds.
TRUE
A project study is another term for Acomprehensive regional planning.@
FALSE
In the quality of life index, the economic environment includes all of the following except
material quality
General overall policy planning includes all of the following except
detailed engineering and specific architectural project plans
Comprehensive community planning attempts to take an overall look at the total region.
TRUE
Subdivision plans involving individual wells and sewage disposal systems
must be adapted to the topography and geological formations existing
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 made it the responsibility of the Federal Government to use all practical means to coordinate ______ to encourage harmony between man and his/her environment.
REF!
Due to political boundaries, the costs of implementing services for community functions are best handled by
metropolitan regions
The nitrogen dioxide below ______ ppm does not pose a health problem.
0.05
______ was responsible for preparing a circular to help determine “the probable impact of the proposed action on the environment.”
Leopold
The selection of a site for a public building often requires improvements. An undesirable feature that can often be remediated for public health reasons concerns is
a low swampy area
Comprehensive planning includes
REF!
The amount of debt a municipality may incur is usually determined by
the constitution or laws of a state
The EPA stream quality indicator for dissolved oxygen in stream water is
6 mg per liter
General obligation bonds used for financing municipal capital improvement are repaid by
real property tax
To determine the resources on a section of property, one should seek the assistance of a person who is experienced and familiar with
a. geology and wildlife - b. forestry and engineering
