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15. Lower Limb II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main bony features of the Distal Femur?

A
  1. Femoral Condyles
  2. Intercondylar Fossa
  3. Patellar Surface
  4. Femoral Epicondyles
  5. Adductor Tubercle
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2
Q

What are the 2 Femoral Condyles?

A

Lateral Femoral Condyles
Medial Femoral Condyles

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3
Q

What are the 2 Femoral Epicondyles?

A

Lateral Femoral Epicondyles
Medial Femoral Epicondyles

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4
Q

Which Muscle attaches to the Adductor Tubercle?

A

Adductor Magnus

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5
Q

What is the Adductor Hiatus,
Which Structures Pass through it?

A

Hiatus (Gap) between Adductor Magnus and the Femur.
Allows passage of Femoral Vessels:
- Femoral Artery
- Femoral Vein

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6
Q

What is a Common Cause of Supracondylar Fractures?

A

High Impact Trauma.
Fall on an Outstretched Elbow or a Direct Blow to the Elbow.

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7
Q

What are the main bony features of the Tibia?

A
  1. Tibial Condyle
  2. Intercondylar Eminence
  3. Intercondylar Tubercles
  4. Articular Facet for The Head of The Fibula
  5. Tibial Tuberosity
  6. Soleal Line
  7. Interosseous Border
  8. Medial Malleolus
  9. Fibular Notch
  10. Groove for Tibialis Posterior Tendon
  11. Groove for Flexor Digitorum Longus Tendon
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8
Q

What are the 2 Tibial Condyles?

A

Lateral Tibial Condyle
Medial Tibial Condyle

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9
Q

What are the 2 Intercondylar Tubercles?

A

Lateral Intercondylar Tubercle
Medial Intercondylar Tubercle

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10
Q

Which Structures attach to the Intercondylar Eminence?

A

Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Posterior Cruciate Ligament

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11
Q

How is the TIbia most commonly Fractured?

A
  • The Tibia is Fractured most commonly at its Narrowest Point: The Inferior 2/3
  • This Fracture is often a Compound Fracture,
    Where the Skin is Perforated and Blood Vessels are Torn.
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12
Q

What are the main bony features of the Fibula?

A
  1. Apex
  2. Head
  3. Neck
  4. Interosseous Border
  5. Lateral Malleolus
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13
Q

What are the 2 bony features of the Lateral Malleolus?

A

Malleolar Fossa of Lateral Malleolus
Articular Facet of Lateral Malleolus

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14
Q

Damage to which Nerve leads to Foot Drop Gait?

A

Common Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve

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15
Q

What can cause Common Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve damage?

A

Fracture to the Fibular Neck

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16
Q

What are the main bony features of the Patella?

A
  1. Articular Surface
  2. Apex
  3. Base
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17
Q

In which direction does the Patella most commonly dislocate?

A

Laterally

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18
Q

What Factors help prevent Dislocation of the Patella?

A

Stability of Quadriceps Muscle Tendon and Patellar Tendon

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19
Q

What type of Joint is the Knee Joint?

A

Synovial Hinge Joint

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20
Q

What is the Knee joint formed by?

A

Formed by Articulations between the:
- Patella
- Femur
- Tibia

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21
Q

Which Movements occur at the Knee Joint?

A

Flexion
Extension
Some Internal and External Rotation at Femoral - Tibial with Knee Flexed.

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22
Q

Which Muscles produce Extension at the Knee?

A

Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Intermedius
Rectus Femoris

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23
Q

Which Muscles produce Flexion at the Knee?

A

Hamstrings:
- Semimembranosus
- Semitendinosus
- Biceps Femoris

Leg Muscles:
- Gastrocnemius
- Plantaris

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24
Q

What is the main trade off at the Knee Joint?

A

In general Joint Mobility is priotitised at the expense of Joint Stability.

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25
Where does the Iliotibial Tract continue from?
The Iliotibial Tract is a Longitudinal Fibrous Continuation of the Fascia Lata.
26
Which Muscle strengthens the Iliotibial Tract?
Strengthened Superoposteriorly by Fibres from the Gluteus Maximus.
27
What actions does the Iliotibial tract produce at the Hip?
Extension Abduction Lateral Rotation
28
What is the importance of the Iliotibial Tract in the Knee Joint?
Maintaining Knee Extension Provides Lateral Stabilisation to the Knee Joint
29
Where does the Iliotibial Tract form a Muscular Sheath?
Forms a Sheath around the Tensor Fascia Lata Muscle.
30
What are the Ligaments that support the Knee Joint?
1. Anterior Cruciate Ligaments (ACL) 2. Posterior Cruciate Ligaments (PCL) 3. Fibular/Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) 4. Tibial/Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
31
What is a Tendon?
Tendons connect Muscle to Bone.
32
What is a Ligment?
Ligaments connect Bone to Bone.
33
Why is Patellar Tendon also called the Patellar Ligament?
1. The Patellar Tendon/Ligament attaches the bottom of the Kneecap (Patella), To the top of the Shinbone (Tibia). - This is a Ligament that connects to two different bones, the Patella and the Tibia. 2. The Superior Fibers of the Patellar Tendon/Ligament are continuous Over the front of the Patella with those of the Quadriceps Tendon. - So this is also a Tendon that connects a Muscle to a Bone, The Patella to the Quadriceps Muscles. - The Patella is attached to the Quadriceps Muscles by the Quadriceps Tendon.
34
Which movement of the Tibia does the ACL Resist?
Anterior Tibial Movement.
35
Which movement of the Tibia does the PCL Resist?
Posterior Tibial Movement.
36
What are the 2 Menisci in the Knee Joint?
Medial Menisci Lateral Menisci
37
What is the role of the Menisci in the Knee Joint?
Shock Absorption and Reduce Friction between the Tibia and Femur.
38
Why are Tears of the Medial Meniscus more common, Than Tears of the Lateral Meniscus?
The Medial Meniscus is more vulnerable to injury to due to its intimate attachment, To the Medial Collateral Ligament. The moveable Lateral Meniscus is less prone to tear except when the ACL is injured.
39
When are the Medial and Lateral Menisci Injured?
The Medial and Lateral Menisci are usually injured as a result of sudden Knee Flexion, With a component of Knee Internal or External Rotation.
40
Which Ligaments of the Knee act to Limit Extension of the Knee?
Anterior Cruciate Ligaments (ACL) Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)
41
Which Ligaments of the Knee act to prevent excessive Abduction and Adduction of the Knee?
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)
42
Knee Reflex Test: Which Ligament is struck and what Nerve Segments does it Test?
Patellar Ligament is struck. Testing Nerve Roots: L2 - L4
43
What is meant by โ€˜Lockingโ€™ of the Knee?
When Knee is in Full Extension, Femur Medially Rotates (slightly) on the Tibia to Lock in place.
44
Which structure is responsible for โ€˜Unlockingโ€™ the Knee?
Popliteus Muscle โ€˜Unlocksโ€™ the Knee. By laterally rotating Femur on the Tibia in Flexion.
45
What is Housemaidsโ€™ Knee?
Prepatellar Bursitis: - Inflammation of the prepatellar bursa from long periods of time kneeling.
46
What is Clergymanโ€™s Knee?
Infrapatellar Bursitis: - Inflammation of infrapatellar bursa (one or both).
47
What is Haemarthrosis?
Blood in the Joint Space. A common feature of Haemophilia
48
What is Arthroscopy?
Surgical procedure to diagnose and treat problems with Joints. Repair of knee ligaments can be undertaken during this procedure.
49
What are the main Bones that make up the Ankle and Foot?
1. Talus 2. Calcaneus 3. Navicular 4. Cuboid 5. Cuneiforms 6. Metatarsals 7. Phalanges
50
What are the 2 bony features of the Talus?
Trochlea Lateral Process
51
What are the 2 bony features of the Calcaneus?
Calcaneal Tuberosity Sustentaculum Tali
52
What are the 3 Cuneiform Bones?
Medial Intermediate Lateral
53
What Bones come Distal to the Tarsals?
Metatarsals (1 - 5)
54
What Bones come Distal to the Metatarsals?
Phalanges (1 - 5)
55
What can Phalanges be subdivided into?
1. Proximal 2. Middle 3. Distal
56
What is unique about the Hallux (Big Toe)?
It doesn't have a Middle Phalanx Only has Proximal and Distal Phalanges
57
What is the Main Complication in Fractures in the Neck of the Talus?
Fractures of the neck of the Talus often interrupt the Blood Supply to the Talus, So making the Body and Posterior Aspect of the Talus susceptible to Osteonecrosis, Which may in turn lead to premature Osteoarthritis and require Extensive Surgery.
58
What is Hallux Valgus?
It is abnormal Valgus Alignment of the 1st Metatarsal and Phalanges of the Hallux. The Hallux consists of the 1st Phalanges both Proximal and Distal.
59
How do Elderly with Hallux Valgus present?
Elderly individuals with Hallux Valgus may exhibit Less Stable gait patterns, And Reduced Velocity and stride length when walking on an irregular surface.
60
What are Bunions and where are they most likely to occur?
A Bunion is a Bony Deformity of the Joint at the Base of the Big Toe. They may cause Hallux Valgus.
61
Which Bones form the Ankle Joint?
Distal Tibia Distal Fibula Talus
62
What type of a Joint is the Ankle Joint?
Synovial Hinge Joint
63
What is the Anatomical Name for the Ankle Joint?
Talocrural Joint
64
What are the Ligaments that make up the Ankle Joint?
1. Medial Collateral Ligament 2. Anterior Talofibular 3. Posterior Talofibular 4. Calcaneofibular 5. Anterior Tibiofibular 6. Posterior Tibiofibular
65
What type of Injuries are Ankle Sprains?
Approximately 90% of all Ankle Sprains are Inversion Injuries.
66
Which Ankle Ligments are commonly affected by Inversion Injuries?
Excess inversion over stretches the Lateral Ligaments: - Anterior Talofibular - Posterior Talofibular - Calcaneofibular
67
How does Bimalleolar Ankle (Pottโ€™s) Fracture occur?
Occurs after Forcible Foot Eversion often causing Tearing of the Medial Malleolus. The Talus then moves laterally, shearing off the Lateral Malleolus, Or breaking the Fibula superior to the Inferior Tibiofibular Joint.
68
What are the Joints of the Foot?
1. Subtalar (Talocalcaneal Joint) 2. Transverse Tarsal (midtarsal) 3. Talocalcaneonavicular 4. Calcaneocuboid 5. Tarsometatarsal 6. Metatarsophalangeal 7. Interphalangeal
69
What Type of Joint is the Subtalar Joint?
Plane Synovial Joint
70
What movements take place at the Subtalar Joint?
Inversion Eversion
71
How are the Bones of the Foot arranged?
The Bones of the Foot are arranged in Longitudinal and Transverse Arches.
72
Which parts of the Foot are in contact with the Ground?
In the Erect Position the: - Heel - Lateral Margin of the Foot - Ball of the Foot - Pads of the Toes
73
What are the Ligaments of the Foot?
1. Short Plantar 2. Long Plantar 3. Plantar Calcaneonavicular (Spring)
74
What is the Function of the Ligaments of the Foot?
Play an important role in maintaining the Arches of the Foot.
75
What are the Arches of the Foot?
Medial Longitudinal Lateral Longitudinal Transverse
76
Which Arch is involved in Flat Feet/Pes Planus?
Medial Longitudinal Arch.
77
How does Flat Feet/Pes Planus occur?
1. The Talus Bone gets displaced Medially and Distal from the Navicular Bone. 2. This stretches the Plantar Calcaneonavicular (spring) Liament, 3. And results in a Loss of Function of the Medial Longitudinal Arch.
78
What is Plantar Fasciitis (Fasciosis)?
Inflammation of the Plantar Fascia caused by Straining of the Plantar Aponeurosis.
79
Where does the Plantar Fasciitis cause Pain?
Pain on the Plantar Surface of the Heel Pain on the Medial Aspect of the Foot.
80
Where is there Point Tenderness in Plantar Fasciitis?
Proximal Attachment of the Aponeurosis to the Medial Tubercle of the Calcaneus. And on the Medial Surface of the Calcaneus.
81
Where does the Plantar Fascia originate from?
Medial Tubercle Anterior Calcaneus
82
What Risk Factors can cause Plantar Fasciitis?
Overuse Injury Obesity Achilles Tendon Tightness
83
What are the Main Vessles found in the Popliteal Fossa?
1. Popliteal Artery 2. Popliteal Vein 3. Lesser Saphenous Vein
84
What are the Main Nerves found in the Popliteal Fossa?
1. Common Fibular Nerve 2. Tibial Nerve 3. Sural Nerve
85
What are the Boundaries of the Popliteal Fossa?
Semimembranosus Biceps Femoris Lateral Medial Head of Gastrocnemius & Plantaris
86
Which structure forms the Roof of the Popliteal Fossa?
Fascia Lata
87
What forms the Floor of the Popliteal Fossa?
Popliteal Surface of The Femur Capsule of The Knee Joint Popliteus Muscle and its Fascia
88
In which order are the Structures of the Neurovascular Bundle (Medial to Lateral)?
A: Popliteal Artery V: Popliteal Vein N: Tibial Nerve Common Fibular Nerve
89
Where can the Sciatic Nerve Bifurcate?
In some people the Sciatic Nerve Bifurcates Superior to the Apex of the Popliteal Fossa.
90
What is Compartment Syndrome?
The Strong Septa forming the boundaries of Leg Compartments Resist stretching. When Extra Fluid is present (due to Muscular Haemorrhage, Oedema, or Inflammation), Pressures within the Compartment Raise, And structures within the Compartment become Compressed.
91
What can be damaged in Compartment Syndome?
Structures Distal to the compressed area may become Ischaemic and Permanently Damaged.
92
What can be done to treat Compartment Syndrome?
Fasciotomy: - Incision of a Fascial Septum - May be performed to relieve the Pressure in the Compartments concerned.
93
What are the 2 sections of the Posterior Compartment Muscles of the Leg?
SUPERFICIAL DEEP
94
List the Superficial Muscles of the Leg Posterior Compartment?
1. Gastrocnemius 2. Soleus
95
What are the Proximal Attachments of the Gastrocnemius?
Lateral Head: - Lateral Condyle - Posterior Surface of Femur Medial Head: - Medial Condyle - Adjacent Part of Femur
96
What are the Proximal Attachments of the Soleus?
Posterior Surface of the Head of the Fibula Upper 1/3 of the Shaft of the Fibula Middle 1/3 of the Medial Border of the Tibia Tendinous Arch between Tibia and Fibula
97
What is the Innervation of the Superficial Leg Posterior Compartment Muscles?
Tibial Nerve
98
Where do the Superficial Leg Posterior Compartment Muscles insert?
Both contribute to the Calcaneal Tendon (Achilles Tendon), And through it Insert on the Calcaneus.
99
What is the Action of the Superficial Leg Posterior Compartment Muscles?
Plantarflexion of the Foot at the Ankle.
100
List the Deep Muscles of the Leg Posterior Compartment?
1. Plantaris 2. Popliteus 3. Flexor Digitorum Longus 4. Flexor Hallucis Longus 5. Tibialis Posterior
101
What is the Plantaris Muscle?
This is a Vestigial Muscle (similar in form to Palmaris Longus) That is absent in 10 - 20% of people.
102
What is the Origin of the Popliteus Muscle?
Originates from the lateral condyle of the femur and the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus.
103
What is the Insertion of the Popliteus Muscle?
it runs inferomedially towards the tibia and inserts above the origin of the soleus muscle.
104
What is the Action of the Popliteus Muscle?
Laterally rotates the femur on the tibia โ€“ โ€˜unlockingโ€™ the knee joint so that flexion can occur.
105
What is the Innervation of the Popliteus Muscle?
Tibial Nerve. Nerve Roots: L5, S1
106
What is the Origin of the Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle?
Originates from the medial surface of the tibia,
107
What is the Insertion of the Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle?
attaches to the plantar surfaces of the lateral four digits.
108
What is the Action of the Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle?
Flexes the lateral four toes.
109
What is the Innervation of the Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle?
Tibial Nerve. Nerve Roots: L5, S1
110
What is the Origin of the Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle?
Originates from the posterior surface of the fibula
111
What is the Insertion of the Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle?
attaches to the plantar surface of the phalanx of the great toe.
112
What is the Action of the Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle?
Flexes the great toe (Hallux)
113
What is the Innervation of the Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle?
Tibial Nerve. Nerve Roots: L5, S1
114
What is the Origin of the Tibialis Posterior Muscle?
Originates from the interosseous membrane between the tibia and fibula, and posterior surfaces of the two bones.
115
What is the Insertion of the Tibialis Posterior Muscle?
The tendon enters the foot posterior to the medial malleolus, and attaches to the plantar surfaces of the medial tarsal bones.
116
What is the Action of the Tibialis Posterior Muscle?
Inverts and plantarflexes the foot, maintains the medial arch of the foot.
117
What is the Innervation of the Tibialis Posterior Muscle?
Tibial Nerve. Nerve Roots: L5, S1
118
What is the Common Action of the Deep Posterior Compartment Muscles?
Plantar Flexion of the Foot.
119
Which Artery provides the Principal Blood Supply to the Leg Posterior Compartment?
Posterior Tibial Artery
120
What are the Terminal Divisions of the Posterior Tibial Artery?
- Medial Plantar Arteries - Lateral Plantar Arteries
121
What is the relationship of the Tendons of the 3 Deep Muscles to the Medial Malleolus?
They pass Posteriorly to the Medial Malleolus, Under the Flexor Retinaculum in the Tarsal Tunnel.
122
What is the order of the 3 Deep Tendons behind the Medial Malleolus, from Anterior to Posterior?
T - TOM: Tibialis Posterior D - DICK: Flexor Digitorum Longus H - HARRY: Flexor Hallucis Longus
123
What is the order of the 3 Deep Tendons and Neurovascular Structures behind the Medial Malleolus, from Anterior to Posterior?
T - TOM: Tibialis Posterior D - DICK: Flexor Digitorum Longus A - AND: Artery (Posterior Tibial Artery) V - VERY: Vein (Posterior Tibial Vein) N - NERVOUS: Nerve (Tibial Nerve) H - HARRY: Flexor Hallucis Longus
124
List the Muscles of the Leg Lateral Compartment?
1. Fibularis Longus 2. Fibularis Brevis
125
What is the Origin of the Fibularis Longus Muscle?
Superior and Lateral Surface of the Fibula Lateral Tibial Condyle
126
What is the Insertion of the Fibularis Longus Muscle?
Medial Cuneiform Base of Metatarsal I
127
What is the Action of the Fibularis Longus Muscle?
Eversion of the Foot Plantarflexion of the Foot Supports the Lateral and Transverse Arches of the Foot.
128
What is the Innervation of the Fibularis Longus Muscle?
Superficial Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve Nerve Roots: L4 - S1
129
What is the Origin of the Fibularis Brevis Muscle?
Inferolateral Surface of the Fibular Shaft
130
What is the Insertion of the Fibularis Brevis Muscle?
Tubercle on Metatarsal V
131
What is the Action of the Fibularis Brevis Muscle?
Eversion of the Foot
132
What is the Innervation of the Fibularis Brevis Muscle?
Superficial Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve Nerve Roots: L4 - S1
133
What are Retinacula?
Thickenings of Tissue underneath your Skin that serve to bind down Tendons of Muscles.
134
What do Retinacula prevent?
Bind down Tendons of Muscles so they don't โ€œbowstringโ€ at certain joints, Meaning pop up when the joint is Flexed or Extended.
135
Which structure do the Tendons of the Fibularis Longus and Brevis pass Posterior to?
Lateral Malleolus.
136
Which Nerves does the Common Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve Bifurcate into?
1. Superficial Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve 2. Deep Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve
137
What is the Sensory Innervation from the Superficial Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve?
Skin of the: - Anterolateral Leg - Dorsum of the Foot (except the Skin between the First and Second Toes).
138
What is the Motor Innervation from the Superficial Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve?
Muscles of the Lateral Compartment of the Leg: - Fibularis Longus - Fibularis Brevis
139
What is the Action of the Muscles of the Lateral Leg Compartment?
These Muscles act to Evert the Foot.
140
What is the Sensory Innervation from the Deep Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve?
Skin between the First and Second Toes.
141
What is the Motor Innervation from the Deep Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve?
1. Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Leg: - Tibialis Anterior - Extensor Digitorum Longus - Extensor Hallucis Longus. 2. Some Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot.
142
What is the Action of the Muscles of the Anterior Leg Compartment?
These Muscles act to Dorsiflex the Foot and Extend the digits
143
Which Cutaneous Branches does the Common Fibular Nerve supply?
2 Cutaneous Branches that move over the Lateral Head of Gastrocnemius: 1. Sural Communicating Nerve: Posterolateral Lower Leg. 2. Lateral Sural Nerve: Upper Lateral Leg.
144
What is the relationship of the Common Fibular Nerve to the Head and Neck of the Fibula?
The Nerve can be Palpated: - Behind the Head of the Fibula - As it winds around the Neck of the Fibula.
145
Which Compartments can be damaged by Fractures of the Head and Neck of the Fibula?
Anterior Leg Compartment Lateral Leg Compartment
146
List the Muscles of the Leg Anterior Compartment?
1. Tibialis Anterior 2. Extensor Digitorum Longus 3. Extensor Hallucis Longus 4. Fibularis Tertius
147
What is different about the Deep Facsia over the Anterior Compartment?
Deep Fascia over the Anterior Compartment of the Leg is very Thick and Strong. This is why Compartment Syndrome commonly occurs in this Comparment.
148
What is the Origin of the Tibialis Anterior Muscle?
Lateral Surface of the Tibia
149
What is the Insertion of the Tibialis Anterior Muscle?
Medial Cuneiform Base of Metatarsal I
150
What is the Action of the Tibialis Anterior Muscle?
Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot.
151
What is the Innervation of the Tibialis Anterior Muscle?
Deep Fibular Nerve Nerve Roots: L4 - S1
152
What is Tibialis Anterior Strain (Shin Splints) and How does it occur?
Muscles in the Anterior Compartment (especially Tibialis Anterior) Swell from sudden Overuse, Oedema and Muscle Tendon Inflammation reduce the Blood Flow to the Muscles. May occur due to Traumatic Injury. Or athletic overexertion of Muscles in the Anterior Compartment.
153
What is the Origin of the Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle?
Lateral Condyle of the Tibia Medial Surface of the Fibula
154
What is the Insertion of the Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle?
Tendon splits into 4 Tendons, Each inserting onto one of the Lateral 4 Toes.
155
What is the Action of the Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle?
Extension of the Lateral Four Toes, Dorsiflexion of the Foot.
156
What is the Innervation of the Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle?
Deep Fibular Nerve Nerve Roots: L4 - S1
157
What is the Origin of the Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle?
Medial Surface of the Fibular Shaft
158
What is the Insertion of the Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle?
Base of the Distal Phalanx of the Hallux
159
What is the Action of the Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle?
Extension of the great toe and dorsiflexion of the foot
160
What is the Innervation of the Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle?
Deep Fibular Nerve Nerve Roots: L4 - S1
161
What is the Origin of the Fibularis Tertius Muscle?
Medial Surface of the Fibula
162
What is the Insertion of the Fibularis Tertius Muscle?
Metatarsal V
163
What is the Action of the Fibularis Tertius Muscle?
Eversion of the Foot Dorsiflexion of the Foot
164
What is the Innervation of the Fibularis Tertius Muscle?
Deep Fibular Nerve Nerve Roots: L4 - S1
165
What does the Anterior Tibial Artery continue as on the Foot?
Continues as the Dorsalis Pedis Artery on the Dorsum of the Foot.
166
What is the Dorsalis Pedis Artery?
Major Artery that Supplies the Forefoot.
167
Where is the Dorsalis Pedis Artery located?
Located on the Dorsum of the Foot, Just Deep to the Inferior Extensor Retinaculum.
168
Between which Tendons does the Dorsalis Pedis lie?
Between Extensor Hallucis Longus Tendon, And Medial Tendon of the Extensor Digitorum Longus.
169
What are the Two Muscles on the Dorsal Aspect of the Foot?
Extensor Digitorum Brevis Extensor Hallucis Brevis
170
What is the Origin of the Extensor Digitorum Brevis Muscle?
Calcaneus
171
What is the Insertion of the Extensor Digitorum Brevis Muscle?
Proximal Phalanx of the Hallux Long Extensor Tendons of Toes 2 - 4
172
What is the Action of the Extensor Digitorum Brevis Muscle?
Aids the Extensor Digitorum Longus in extending the Medial 4 Toes. At the Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints.
173
What is the Innervation of the Extensor Digitorum Brevis Muscle?
Deep Fibular Nerve Nerve Roots: L4 - S1
174
What is the Origin of the Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle?
Calcaneus
175
What is the Insertion of the Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle?
Base of the Proximal Phalanx of the Hallux
176
What is the Action of the Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle?
Aids the Extensor Hallucis Longus in extending the Hallux at the Metatarsophalangeal Joint.
177
What is the Innervation of the Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle?
Deep Fibular Nerve Nerve Roots: L4 - S1
178
What Nerve supplies the Extensors of the Foot?
Deep Fibular Nerve
179
What are the 4 Muscular Layers of The Foot?
1st Layer (Superficial) 2nd Layer 3rd Layer 4th Layer (Deep)
180
What Muscles are in the 1st Muscular Layer of The Foot?
1. Abductor Hallucis 2. Flexor Digitorum Brevis 3. Abductor Digiti Minimi
181
What is the Action of the Abductor Hallucis Muscle?
Abducts Hallux Flexes Hallux
182
What is the Innervation of the Abductor Hallucis Muscle?
Medial Plantar Nerve Nerve Roots: L5 - S1
183
What is the Action of the Flexor Digitorum Brevis Muscle?
Flexes Lateral Four Digits
184
What is the Innervation of the Flexor Digitorum Brevis Muscle?
Medial Plantar Nerve Nerve Roots: L5 - S1
185
What is the Action of the Abductor Digiti Minimi Muscle?
Abducts 5th Digit Flexes 5th Digit
186
What is the Innervation of the Abductor Digiti Minimi Muscle?
Lateral Plantar Nerve Nerve Roots: S1 - S2
187
What Muscles are in the 2nd Muscular Layer of The Foot?
1. 4 Lumbricals 2. Quadratus Plantae
188
What is the Action of the 4 Lumbricals and Quadratus Plantae Muscles?
Assist Flexor Digitorum Longus
189
What Muscles are in the 3rd Muscular Layer of The Foot?
2 Flexors: 1. Hallucis Brevis 2. Digiti Minimi Brevis 1 Adductor: 3. Adductor Hallucis
190
What is the Action of the Hallucis Brevis Muscle?
Flexes Great Toe (Hallux)
191
What is the Action of the Digiti Minimi Brevis Muscle?
Flexes 5th Digit
192
What is the Action of the Adductor Hallucis Muscle?
Adducts Great Toe (Hallux)
193
What Muscles are in the 4th Muscular Layer of The Foot?
Plantar Interossei - 4 Dorsal - 3 Plantar
194
What is the Action of the Hallucis Brevis Muscle?
Tendons of Fibularis Longus and Tibialis Posterior
195
What is the Innervation of the Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot?
Medial Plantar Nerves (L5 - S1) Lateral Plantar Nerves (S1 - S2)
196
Where do the Medial and Lateral Plantar Nerves come from?
Form the 2 Terminal divisions of the Tibial Nerve.
197
Which Arches does the Plantar Aponeurosis stabilise?
It stabilises the Longitudinal and Transverse Arches of the Foot. During normal walking acts to Prevent the Calcaneus from Everting and Improves Traction

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