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PSGY1003 Psychology > 15 Learning > Flashcards

15 Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

A change in behaviour due to experience

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2
Q

What do we need to learn about?

A
  • events that are or are not important for survival
  • which stimuli predict important events
  • if our responses produce positive or negative consequences
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3
Q

Habituation

A

The most basic form of learning, it is a reduction in response to a repeated stimulus

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4
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Associating one stimulus with another stimulus (e.g. smell associated with eating)

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5
Q

Unconditional stimulus (US)

A

A biologically significant stimulus that elicits a reflexive (unlearned) response (e.g. food, shock)

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6
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

A reflexive (unlearned) response elicited by a stimulus

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7
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

A previously neutral stimulus that after pairing with a US, elicits a conditional response (e.g. tone, light)

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8
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

A response elicited by the CS

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9
Q

Pavlov experiment

A

Dogs salivate when a CS of a bell is rung without the presence of the US

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10
Q

Hebb experiment

A

Related transmission of impulses between two neurons strengthens the link between them

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11
Q

Contiguity

A

Do events occur at the same time in the same place?

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12
Q

Delayed conditioning

A

Where CS is played first, then US

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13
Q

Trace conditioning

A

Delayed conditioning with a gap in between CS and US

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14
Q

Simultaneous conditioning

A

CS and US at the same time

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15
Q

Backwards conditioning

A

US first and then CS

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16
Q

Order of most to least effective types of conditioning

A

Delayed
Trace
Simultaneous
Backward conditioning

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17
Q

Acquisition

A

Depends on the strength of the CS. Stronger CS provides faster learning. Larger US provides faster and more learning than small US

18
Q

Extinction

A

Presentation of CS alone (no US) results in weakening of CR

19
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

When CR reappears after extinction and rest

20
Q

Stimulus generalisation

A

Stimuli that are similar to the CS elicit a CR

21
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Where we react differently to similar stimuli

22
Q

High order conditioning

A

A stimulus that has been established as a CS (CS1) is paired with a neutral stimulus. After this pairing, this neutral stimulus (CS2) now elicits the CR.

23
Q

Types of Conditioning techniques

A

Taste aversion

Eye blink conditioning

24
Q

Applications of conditioning

A
  • exposure therapy
  • advertising
  • anticipatory nausea and vomiting
25
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning with consequences

26
Q

Law of effect

A

Behaviours that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated

27
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Something is added in order to increase the chance of the behaviour being repeated

28
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Something is taken away in order to increase the chance of the behaviour being repeated

29
Q

Positive punishment

A

Something is added in order to decrease the chance of the behaviour being repeated

30
Q

Negative punishment

A

Something is taken away in order to decrease the chance of the behaviour happening again

31
Q

Escape conditioning

A

Response terminates an averse stimulus

32
Q

Avoidance conditioning

A

Response made to avoid the averse stimulus

33
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforcing approximations of the desired behaviours

34
Q

Token economies

A

Tokens reward good behaviour. They can be exchanged for goods. Secondary reinforcement

35
Q

Cumulative record

A

Used to monitor responses over time

36
Q

Fixed Ratio schedule

A

Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses. Produces a high rate of output

37
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

Reinforcement after a variable number of responses. Produces fast steady responding

38
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

Response Is reinforced after a fixed time interval. Produces slow responding

39
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

Reinforcement after a variable time interval. Produces slow steady responding

40
Q

Which schedule makes behaviour more resistant to extinction?

A

Variable

PSGY1003 Psychology (15 decks)

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