15 Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A change in behaviour due to experience

Question 2

What do we need to learn about?

Answer 2

• events that are or are not important for survival
• which stimuli predict important events
• if our responses produce positive or negative consequences

Question 3

Habituation

Answer 3

The most basic form of learning, it is a reduction in response to a repeated stimulus

Question 4

Classical conditioning

Answer 4

Associating one stimulus with another stimulus (e.g. smell associated with eating)

Question 5

Unconditional stimulus (US)

Answer 5

A biologically significant stimulus that elicits a reflexive (unlearned) response (e.g. food, shock)

Question 6

Unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 6

A reflexive (unlearned) response elicited by a stimulus

Question 7

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

A previously neutral stimulus that after pairing with a US, elicits a conditional response (e.g. tone, light)

Question 8

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 8

A response elicited by the CS

Question 9

Pavlov experiment

Answer 9

Dogs salivate when a CS of a bell is rung without the presence of the US

Question 10

Hebb experiment

Answer 10

Related transmission of impulses between two neurons strengthens the link between them

Question 11

Contiguity

Answer 11

Do events occur at the same time in the same place?

Question 12

Delayed conditioning

Answer 12

Where CS is played first, then US

Question 13

Trace conditioning

Answer 13

Delayed conditioning with a gap in between CS and US

Question 14

Simultaneous conditioning

Answer 14

CS and US at the same time

Question 15

Backwards conditioning

Answer 15

US first and then CS

Question 16

Order of most to least effective types of conditioning

Answer 16

Delayed
Trace
Simultaneous
Backward conditioning

Question 17

Acquisition

Answer 17

Depends on the strength of the CS. Stronger CS provides faster learning. Larger US provides faster and more learning than small US

Question 18

Extinction

Answer 18

Presentation of CS alone (no US) results in weakening of CR

Question 19

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 19

When CR reappears after extinction and rest

Question 20

Stimulus generalisation

Answer 20

Stimuli that are similar to the CS elicit a CR

Question 21

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 21

Where we react differently to similar stimuli

Question 22

High order conditioning

Answer 22

A stimulus that has been established as a CS (CS1) is paired with a neutral stimulus. After this pairing, this neutral stimulus (CS2) now elicits the CR.

Question 23

Types of Conditioning techniques

Answer 23

Taste aversion

Eye blink conditioning

Question 24

Applications of conditioning

Answer 24

• exposure therapy
• advertising
• anticipatory nausea and vomiting

Question 25

Operant conditioning

Answer 25

Learning with consequences

Question 26

Law of effect

Answer 26

Behaviours that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated

Question 27

Positive reinforcement

Answer 27

Something is added in order to increase the chance of the behaviour being repeated

Question 28

Negative reinforcement

Answer 28

Something is taken away in order to increase the chance of the behaviour being repeated

Question 29

Positive punishment

Answer 29

Something is added in order to decrease the chance of the behaviour being repeated

Question 30

Negative punishment

Answer 30

Something is taken away in order to decrease the chance of the behaviour happening again

Question 31

Escape conditioning

Answer 31

Response terminates an averse stimulus

Question 32

Avoidance conditioning

Answer 32

Response made to avoid the averse stimulus

Question 33

Shaping

Answer 33

Reinforcing approximations of the desired behaviours

Question 34

Token economies

Answer 34

Tokens reward good behaviour. They can be exchanged for goods. Secondary reinforcement

Question 35

Cumulative record

Answer 35

Used to monitor responses over time

Question 36

Fixed Ratio schedule

Answer 36

Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses. Produces a high rate of output

Question 37

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 37

Reinforcement after a variable number of responses. Produces fast steady responding

Question 38

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 38

Response Is reinforced after a fixed time interval. Produces slow responding

Question 39

Variable interval schedule

Answer 39

Reinforcement after a variable time interval. Produces slow steady responding

Question 40

Which schedule makes behaviour more resistant to extinction?

Answer 40

Variable