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PSGY1003 Psychology > 1 Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

1 Neuroanatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Experiences changing the structure of the brain. Neurons can change due to learning and sensory input. Regions of the brain can adapt to perform functions they wouldn’t normally do.

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2
Q

How many brain cells (neurons) does the brain contain?

A

86 billion

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3
Q

How fast do impulses travel?

A

120m/s

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4
Q

Central nervous system

A

Contains the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Contains all smaller nerves that spread through the body and connect all organs and systems to the CNS.

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6
Q

What do motor pathways do?

A

Send information to muscles or tissue from the CNS.

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7
Q

What do sensory pathways do?

A

Bring information from sensory surfaces into the CNS.

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8
Q

3 major structures of the brain

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain stem

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9
Q

Contralateral

A

When one side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body

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10
Q

Ipsilateral

A

When one side of the brain controls the same side of the body

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11
Q

How much blood does the brain receive

A

20% of the blood from the heart

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12
Q

Why does the brain need blood?

A

To maintain oxygen levels and consciousness

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13
Q

What causes a stroke

A

A bleed or blockage in the brain that results in brain cells dying because they don’t have enough blood

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14
Q

Front of the brain

A

Anterior/ rostal

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15
Q

Back of brain

A

Posterior/ caudal

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16
Q

Top of brain

A

Dorsal/ superior

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17
Q

Bottom of brain

A

Ventral/ inferior

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18
Q

Medial

A

Towards the middle of the brain

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19
Q

Lateral

A

Towards the side of the brain

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20
Q

Different planes of dissecting the brain

A

Transverse plane (coronal)- parallel to forehead
Sagittal plane
Horizontal plane

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21
Q

Grey matter

A

Made up of cell bodies and dendrites

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22
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated axons

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23
Q

Corpus callosum

A

The largest fiver bundle that connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

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24
Q

Meninges

A

3 layers of tissue that protect the brain and CNS

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25
Q

Outer layer

A

Called the dura mater is thick and tough

26
Q

Middle layer

A

Called arachnoid, membrane

27
Q

Inner layer

A

Called pia mater it covers the brain

28
Q

Meningitis

A

An inflammation of the meninges, resulting from viral or bacterial infection

29
Q

CSF

A

Cerebrospinal fluid that allows the brain to float and acts as a shock absorber. It is a clear liquid that’s fills the subarachnoid space (space between middle and inner layer).

30
Q

Ventricles

A

Hollow cavities filled with CSF

31
Q

Choroid plexus

A

The membrane in the lateral ventricles that produces CSF by filtering blood

32
Q

Function of CSF and ventricles

A

Exchange of materials between blood vessels and brain tissue, nutrients are supplied and waste removed

33
Q

Why is the blood brain barrier semipermeable

A

To allow small molecules like oxygen and CO2 to pass through but larger substances like glucose must be actively transported through walls. This helps protect the brain from potentially damaging chemicals

34
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The cortex is the outer surface of the cerebrum. It is 3mm thick and contains 16billion neurons. It is folded to allow for a bigger surface area.

35
Q

What are the 4 lobes

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

36
Q

Frontal lobe

A

It is at the front of the brain. It’s functions are mayor cognition, in particular executive functions (decision making, organising planning)

37
Q

Parietal lobe

A

It is at the top of the brain. It’s function is somatosensory (directing movement of the body)

38
Q

Occipital lobe

A

In the back middle of the brain. It’s function is visual processing

39
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Along the side of the brain. It’s functions are hearing, vision, cognition and emotion

40
Q

Sulci

A

The grooves in the brain. Major grooves are called fissures

41
Q

Gyri

A

The bulges in the brain

42
Q

4 main gyri and sulci

A
  • central sulcus divides the frontal and parietal lobe
  • precentral gyrus
  • postcentral gyrus
  • sylvian fissure/lateral fissure divides the temporal lobe from the frontal snd parietal
43
Q

What does the cerebrum cortex do?

A

It received and processed information from the senses

44
Q

What sensory information is contra lateral

A

All sensory information apart from taste and smell is contra lateral

45
Q

Major divisions of the brain

A
  • forebrain/ prosencephalon
  • midbrain/ mesencephalon
  • hindbrain/ rhombencephalon
46
Q

What are the subdivisions of the forebrain

A

Telencephalon/ end brain

Disencephalon/ inter brain

47
Q

Principle structures in the telencephalon/ end brain

A

Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Limbic system

48
Q

Principle structures of disencephalon/ inter brain

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

49
Q

Principle structures in the midbrain/ mesencephalon

A

Tectum

Tegmentum

50
Q

Subdivisions of the hindbrain/ rhombencephalon

A

Metencephalon/ after brain

Myelencephalon/ marrow brain

51
Q

Principle structures of metencephalon/ after brain

A

Cerebellum

Pons

52
Q

Principle structures of myelencephalon/ marrow brain

A

Medulla oblongata

53
Q

Basal ganglia

A

A collection of nuclei.
Important for: control of movement and reward systems.
Lesions in basal ganglia can cause disorders such as Parkinson’s and Huntington’s.
Basal ganglia is made up of caudate nucleus, putamen, globes pallidus, striatum

54
Q

Limbic system

A

Important for: emotion, learning/memory
It is made up of limbic cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, and mammillary bodies.
Amygdala is important for emotional memory and has a role in fear related behaviour.

55
Q

Thalamus

A

Consists of two lines depressed by mass intermedia. The thalamus acts like a relay. It receives sensory information snd sends it to the cortex. Made up of geniculate nucleues, medial geniculate nucleus and ventrolateral nucleus.

56
Q

Tectum

A

Made up of the superior calliculi (visual processing) and the inferior calliculi (auditory processing)

57
Q

Tegmentum

A

Made up of reticular formation (important for sleep, arousal, attention and movement), periaqueductal grey matter (involved in fighting and mating), red nucleus (important for limb movement), substantia nigra (important for initiating movement)

58
Q

Pons

A

Relays information from cortex to cerebellum. Involved in sleep snd arousal.

59
Q

Cerebellum

A

Covered by cortex, has 2 hemispheres. Contains about 69 billion neurons. Received visual, auditory, somatosensory, motor information, integrates thud and modified motor output. important for coordination and movement.

60
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Regulation of cardiovascular system, respiration and skeletal muscle tonus

PSGY1003 Psychology (15 decks)

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