1.5 Foundations of Guidance

Question 1

What were the foundations of guidance?

Answer 1

1. Philosophy
2. Psychology
3. Biology
4. Anthropology
5. Sociology

Question 2

believed that there was only one underlying reality—the mind or the body, but not both.

Answer 2

Monism

Question 3

contended that both existed. The nature-nurture controversy figured these discussions. Questions of how much a behavior was learned or acquired through experience with the environment and how much of it was instinctual or not learned arose. Since Guidance Principles see individuals holistically, these beliefs have to be settled in the mind of the practitioner if a comprehensive program is desired.
Materialism believed that humans were entirely physical.

Answer 3

Dualism

Question 4

believed that humans were entirely physical.

Answer 4

Materialism

Question 5

asserted that all human choices were determined by the laws of nature.

Answer 5

Determinists

Question 6

propounded that human beings were slaves to nature and like machines, they could be known totally and completely. Freud, the father of Psychoanalysis upon which Psychoanalytic Counseling was based and Skinner, the father of Behaviorism upon which Behavioral Counseling was built must have been very much influenced by these beliefs.

Answer 6

Mechanism

Question 7

that tried to debunk previous theories. It emphasized that reason, innate ideas, and deductions guide knowledge. Self-awareness was highlighted. Descartes’ thesis set the foundation for Psychology as an introspective science and for understanding that observable behavior was meaningful. Rational-Emotive Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, and Cognitive Behavioral modification may have been influenced by this philosophy.

Answer 7

Rationalism