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Advanced Anatomy > 1.5 Endocrine > Flashcards

1.5 Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when cells don’t get enough glucose?

A

They die

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2
Q

What happens when cells get too much glucose?

A

Tissue glycosylation, globs onto proteins, lose tissue elasticity (critical in blood vessels)

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3
Q

What 3 things are most involved in glucose homeostasis?

A

Liver, muscle and fat

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4
Q

How is the liver involved in glucose homeostasis?

A

Glucose is stored as glycogen, de novo synthesis and release to bloodstream

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5
Q

How is muscle involved in glucose homeostasis?

A

Glucose uptake, storage (glycogen), breakdown

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6
Q

How is fat involved in glucose homeostasis?

A

Glucose uptake, converto to triglyceride and storage

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7
Q

Two functions of the pancreas

A

1) Exocrine function for digestion

2) Endocrine function for glucose regulation

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8
Q

Alpha islet cells secrete….

A

Glucagon

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9
Q

Beta-islet cells secrete…

A

Insulin

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10
Q

Both insulin and glucagon are______ with ______

A

Soluble peptide hormones

~50 amino acids

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11
Q

Do the alpha and beta cells use the brain to regulate glucose?

A

NO

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12
Q

In glucose regulation, what are the sensors / integrators?

A

Alpha & Beta cells

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13
Q

In glucose regulation, what are the effectors?

A

Liver, muscle and fat cells

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14
Q

In glucose regulation, what is the physiological parameter?

A

Blood [Glucose]

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15
Q

When you are hungry with low blood glucose, what hormones are secreted and suppressed?

A

Glucagon up, insulin down

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16
Q

What happens in the liver when glucagon is secreted?

A
  • Glycogen breakdown
  • ->glucose (glycogenolysis)
  • GLUCONEOGENESIS: new glucose made from amino acids, lactate or glycerol (De novo synthesis of sugar)
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17
Q

What happens in the skeletal muscle when glucagon is secreted?

A

Glycogen breakdown–> Glucose (used by muscle)

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18
Q

What happens in fat when glucagon is secreted?

A

Triglycerides–> glycerol & fatty acids–> released into blood (spares glucose for brain)
LIPOLYSIS

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19
Q

Using non-glucose molecules for energy releases…

A

Acidic ketone bodies, which is why diabetics become acidotic and ketotic

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20
Q

When you just ate, what hormones are secreted / suppressed?

A

Insulin up, glucagon down

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21
Q

What happens in the liver when insulin is released?

A

Glucose uptake –> converted to glycogen (GLYCOGENISIS)

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22
Q

What happens in the skeletal muscle when insulin is secreted?

A

Glucose uptake—> Glycogen

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23
Q

What happens in fat when insulin is secreted?

A

FA uptake –> Converted to triglycerides (LIPOGENISIS)

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24
Q

Which cells have insulin receptors?

A

ALL CELLS

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25
Q

Glucose is very (polar / non polar)

A

Polar

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26
Q

What is the carrier protein called that allows glucose to get into the cell?

A

GLUT protein

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27
Q

Type I Diabetes

A

Pancreatic beta cells destroyed by auto immune disease–> insufficient insulin
*No glucose uptake–> hyperglycemia (elevated blood glucose)

28
Q

Type II Diabetes

A

“Insulin sensitivity”
Defect in in insulin receptor signal transduction
Need a very high insulin to elicit normal GLUT expression

29
Q

What appears to be the culprit of type II diabetes?

A

Cellular accumulation of fat

30
Q

Cortisol

A

AKA glucocorticoids

Lipid soluble, steroid hormone derived from cholesterol molecule

31
Q

Target tissues of cortisol

A

Muscle, adipose, liver, brain

IMMUNE CELLS, excess cortisol is toxic to these cells

32
Q

Primary function of cortisol

A

Glucose & protein metabolism under long term stress.. keeps ample energy available to body’s tissues
(protein breakdown, glucose formation, lipolysis)

33
Q

3 Regulators of cortisol

A
  • CRH from the hypothalamic neurons
  • ACTH from corticotropes
  • Cortisol from adrenal cortex (outer layer of adrenal gland)
34
Q

Feedback control of cortisol regulation

A

Negative, by cortisol, every step of the above pathway

35
Q

Excess cortisol in body

A

Adrenal gland produces excess cortisol
Protein is catabolized
Massive edema due to fluid retention

36
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Insufficient cortisol
Low blood sugar
Low blood volume
JFK

37
Q

GH

A

AKA Somatotropin

Soluble, peptide hormone

38
Q

Target tissues of GH

A

Adipose, muscle cartilage and bone

39
Q

GH promotes cell growth via

A
  • Cell enlargement

- Mitosis

40
Q

Second function of GH

And what does it favor

A 
Regulates nutrient (protein, fat, glucose) metabolism in target tissue
Favors muscle anabolism and adipose catabolism
41
Q

GH stimulates what production from the liver?

A

Insulin-like growth factor

IGF-1 is a potent hormone / growth factor in target tissues (same as GH)

42
Q

Diurnal

A

GH levels are higher at night than day –> sleep long & well for growth

43
Q

Regulators of GH

A

GHRH and GHIH (somatostatin) from the hypothalamic neurons

-Expressed on somatotropes in AP –> release GH into bloodstream

44
Q

Feedback control of GH

A

GH & IGF1 elicit negative feedback to stop release from hypothalamus and pituitary somatotropes

45
Q

Acromegaly

A

Thickening of bones (especially face and hands); usually results from pituitary adenoma (hormone producing tumor in pituitary)

46
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A

Lipid soluble hormone derived from adding 3 or 4 IODINE atoms (T3 or T4) to the amino acid tyrosine
Secreted from thyroid gland

47
Q

Target cells of TH

A

Cells that express TH receptor (virtually every cell in the body)
TH receptor is in the cytoplasm!

48
Q

What does thyroid hormone do?

A

Regulates body temp through nutrient metabolism

-Stimulates expression of genes involved in cellular respiration, catabolic reaction that cause heat!

49
Q

TH generally increases degradation of…

A

Proteins, fats and carbohydrates

50
Q

What is thyroglobulin and what is it secreted by?

A

Precurser to active T3 and T4

Secreted by secretory epithelium lining thyroid gland follicles

51
Q

Thyroid Hormone Regulation

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone detects low T3 & T4, TRH causes TSH to be released from anterior pituitary, and T3 and T4 are released from thyroid

52
Q

What do thyroid hormones do once released?

A

Activate nuclear receptors in target tissue; increases metabolic rate (burn more glucose) & body temp

53
Q

Where is there negative feedback with the thyroid hormone?

A

Any place there is a stimulatory signal, hypothalamus, AP, thyroid gland

54
Q

Four general actions of thyroid hormone

A
  • Increase basal metabolic rate
  • Increase body temperature
  • Increase the use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production
  • Enhance neuronal function
55
Q

Iodine deficiency leads to what?

A

Hyper stimulation of thyrotropes by TSH because of insufficient T3/T4 negative feedback (Hypothyroidism)

56
Q

Grave’s Disease

A

Autoimmune proteins mimic TSH –> lots of T3 and T4 (Hyperthyroidism)

57
Q

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

A

Autoimmune, stops T3 and T4 production (Hypothyroidism)

58
Q

Primary Thyroid Nodules

thyroid cancer

A

Results in hyper-secretion of T3 and T4 (Hyperthyroidism)

59
Q

Goiter

A

Thyroid gland hypertrophy: all diseases mentioned except for cancer can lead to this

60
Q

Calcium homeostasis Importance

A

Needed for heart to beat and for bone health

61
Q

What does calcium homeostasis involve?

A

Parathyroid gland, intestine, bone, and kidney (target organs)

62
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (intestine)

A

Promotes Ca 2+ absorption, requires vitamin D

63
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (Bone)

A

Promotes reabsorption into blood (osteoclasts)

64
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (Kidney)

A

Inhibits Ca 2+ excretion in the urine

65
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Embedded within the thyroid gland… Sensor & integrator all in one

66
Q

Where in the parathyroid glands is PTH secreted

A

Chief cells when decreased plasma Ca 2+ is detected

Advanced Anatomy (8 decks)

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